Question 1

In the 1930s,behaviorist Edward Tolman committed virtual heresy among his colleagues by noting that
A)operant conditioning principles cannot account for superstitious rituals.
B)when his rats ran a maze,they seemed to pause to decide which way to go.
C)irrational fear of heights cannot be explained through principles of classical conditioning.
D)when his rats were on continuous reinforcement schedules,they were very resistant to extinction.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's observation that rats seemed to pause and make choices in running a maze went against the behaviorist idea that all behavior was simply a response to stimuli. Tolman believed that rats were creating cognitive maps of the maze and using them to make decisions. This idea was controversial at the time but is now widely accepted as an important contribution to psychology.

Question 2

The most effective reward must be
A)dispensed indiscriminately.
B)highly praised.
C)tied to high self-esteem.
D)tied to the behavior you are trying to increase.

Accepted Answer

The most effective reward is the one that is directly tied to the behavior you are trying to increase. When a reward is tied to a specific behavior, it reinforces that behavior and encourages its repetition. Rewards that are dispensed indiscriminately or tied to high self-esteem may not be as effective in promoting behavioral change. Highly praised rewards may also not be as effective as tangible rewards that can be quantified and measured.

Question 3

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
A)insight learning
B)serial enumeration
C)latent learning
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that has taken place but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior. It refers to knowledge or skills that are acquired subconsciously and can be called forth when needed. This type of learning often occurs without conscious awareness or intention and can be attributed to the processing of environmental stimuli.

Question 4

The use of _______________ reinforcers sometimes causes a behavior to decrease in frequency.
A)positive
B)primary
C)extrinsic
D)intrinsic

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic reinforcers are external rewards or punishments that are provided to influence behavior. While they may initially increase the frequency of a behavior, if they are removed or withheld, the behavior may decrease in frequency. Therefore, the use of extrinsic reinforcers can sometimes cause a behavior to decrease in frequency.

Question 5

In a recent study cited in your text,people who had just attended a violent movie were likely to take ___________to respond to a young women struggling to pick up her crutches than those who watched a nonviolent movie.
A)a longer amount of time
B)a shorter amount of time
C)the same amount of time
D)no consistent amount of time

Accepted Answer

The study mentioned in the text found that people who had just watched a violent movie were likely to take a longer amount of time to respond to a young woman struggling to pick up her crutches compared to those who watched a nonviolent movie. This suggests that exposure to violence can have a negative impact on empathy and willingness to help others.

Question 6

Edward Tolman and his colleague,C.H.Honzik,noted that _______________ is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)extinction
D)latent learning

Accepted Answer

Edward Tolman and his colleague, C.H. Honzik, conducted experiments that demonstrated that learning can occur without an immediate change in behavior. They referred to this as "latent learning," which is not expressed in an overt response.

Question 7

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)insight learning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe other people act and learn from their experiences and consequences. It is also known as social learning or modeling.

Question 8

Social-cognitive learning theorists and behaviorists would agree that
A)observational learning can be explained in stimulus-response terms.
B)human attitudes influence how learning is acquired.
C)expectations play a role in the development of personality traits.
D)humans are subject to the laws of classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social-cognitive learning theorists and behaviorists would agree...

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?
A)Extrinsic rewards should never be used.
B)Extrinsic rewards should be used carefully and not overdone.
C)Intrinsic rewards should never be used.
D)Intrinsic rewards should be used carefully and not overdone.

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic rewards can be effective in motivating behavior, but if overused, they can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic rewards should also be used carefully, as they may not be effective for all individuals or situations. Therefore, it is important to find a balance between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and use them appropriately.

Question 10

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others,positive consequences,and thought processes,such as plans,expectations,and beliefs are called __________ theories.
A)latent learning
B)social-cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)behaviorist

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theories emphasize the impact of observation, imitation, and cognitive processes, such as beliefs and expectations, on behavior. Latent learning refers to learning that is not immediately expressed and is a concept within the behaviorist theory. Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences. Behaviorist theories emphasize the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Question 11

In both latent learning and social-cognitive learning,what is acquired is _______________ rather than a specific response.
A)response tendencies
B)knowledge
C)behavioral attitudes
D)general behaviors

Accepted Answer

Both latent learning and social-cognitive learning involve the acquisition of knowledge or information, rather than specific responses or behaviors. In latent learning, an organism learns about the relationships between stimuli and responses in the environment, even if they do not immediately demonstrate this learning through their behavior. In social-cognitive learning, individuals acquire information about the consequences of different behaviors by observing others and the outcomes that they experience. In both cases, what is acquired is not a fixed set of responses or behaviors, but rather a more general understanding of how the environment works and how to behave in it effectively.

Question 12

Being severely physically punished in childhood is a risk factor for which of the following?
A)depression and autism
B)depression,aggression,and low self-esteem
C)ADHD and aggression
D)ADHD and depression

Accepted Answer

Severe physical punishment during childhood has been linked to increased risk of mental health problems, including depression, aggression, and low self-esteem. The other options do not include all the potential risks associated with severe physical punishment.

Question 13

Tim yells at his daughter Allison for soiling her pants.He also threatens to spank her if she ever does it again.Next week,she soils her pants again.According to studies on punishment,why did this fail?
A)The punishment did not tell her how to change her behavior.
B)The threat was a reinforcer.
C)She wasn't punished immediately.
D)Yelling is not a form of punishment.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is only effective when it is accompanied by a clear explanation of what behavior needs to change and the appropriate alternative behavior. Yelling and threatening can also be seen as reinforcing the negative behavior rather than discouraging it. Additionally, the punishment was not immediate, which reduces its effectiveness.

Question 14

The concept of latent learning was developed by
A)Watson.
B)Skinner.
C)Thorndike.
D)Tolman.

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman, who conducted experiments with rats to show that learning could occur without any observable change in behavior. This idea went against the behaviorist theories of Watson and Skinner, and was a significant contribution to the field of psychology.

Question 15

Extrinsic reinforcers are defined as reinforcers that
A)are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.
B)are inherently related to the activity being reinforced.
C)are related to the satisfaction of accomplishing a task.
D)are related to the inherent enjoyment of a particular task.

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic reinforcers are external rewards that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced. Examples include money, prizes, or other tangible rewards. In contrast, intrinsic reinforcers are inherent to the activity being reinforced, such as the satisfaction of accomplishing a task or the inherent enjoyment of a particular task.

Question 16

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze,Tolman and Honzik noted that _______________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)latent learning
D)successive approximation

Accepted Answer

Tolman and Honzik observed that the rats in one group appeared to have learned the maze after 10 days, despite not receiving any obvious reinforcement. This type of learning was coined as "latent learning," which refers to learning that occurs without any reinforcement or obvious reward.

Question 17

Nursery school children were shown a film of two men,Johnny and Rocky,playing with toys.When Johnny wouldn't share,Rocky clobbered him,marching off with all the toys in a sack.What did one-way mirror observations afterwards show about the behavior of children who had viewed this film compared to those who had not?
A)The children who had seen the film behaved more aggressively with toys and sometimes showed almost exact imitations of Rocky.
B)The children who had seen the film went out of their way to share toys with others.
C)The children who had seen the film were afraid to touch any of the toys for fear Rocky would come in and clobber them.
D)The children did not differ from one another in their play with the toys or in other behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The question mentions that some children were shown the film of Johnny and Rocky playing with toys and that there were one-way mirror observations of the children's behavior afterwards. The correct answer is A because it states that the children who had seen the film behaved more aggressively with toys and sometimes showed almost exact imitations of Rocky. This is supported by the information given in the question. B, C, and D are not supported by the information given in the question.

Question 18

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick,a little girl applies some to her own lips.The little sister acquired this behavior through
A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

The little sister acquired this behavior through observational learning, as she observed her older sister putting on lipstick and then imitated the behavior.

Question 19

Intrinsic reinforcers
A)bribe a person to engage in a particular task.
B)are inherently related to the activity being reinforced.
C)lead people to interpret the activity as work.
D)provide a person with prizes or praise.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic reinforcers are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, and therefore do not involve bribing, providing prizes or external praise, or leading people to interpret the activity as work. Examples of intrinsic reinforcers include feelings of enjoyment, satisfaction, or a sense of accomplishment that come from engaging in the activity itself.

Question 20

After the success of the television show The Simpsons,the text indicates that the following behavior increased:
A)graffiti
B)dysfunctional parenting
C)girls began playing the saxophone
D)beehive hair styles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After the success of the television show...

Quiz 9: Learning and Conditioning

In the 1930s,behaviorist Edward Tolman committed virtual heresy among his colleagues by noting that

The most effective reward must be

What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?

The use of _______________ reinforcers sometimes causes a behavior to decrease in frequency.

In a recent study cited in your text,people who had just attended a violent movie were likely to take ___________to respond to a young women struggling to pick up her crutches than those who watched a nonviolent movie.

Edward Tolman and his colleague,C.H.Honzik,noted that _______________ is not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Social-cognitive learning theorists and behaviorists would agree that

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others,positive consequences,and thought processes,such as plans,expectations,and beliefs are called __________ theories.

In both latent learning and social-cognitive learning,what is acquired is _______________ rather than a specific response.

Being severely physically punished in childhood is a risk factor for which of the following?

Tim yells at his daughter Allison for soiling her pants.He also threatens to spank her if she ever does it again.Next week,she soils her pants again.According to studies on punishment,why did this fail?

The concept of latent learning was developed by

Extrinsic reinforcers are defined as reinforcers that

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze,Tolman and Honzik noted that _______________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick,a little girl applies some to her own lips.The little sister acquired this behavior through

Intrinsic reinforcers

After the success of the television show The Simpsons,the text indicates that the following behavior increased: