Question 1

Joseph determines that he needs to purchase new computers for his department and he make a list of seven different computer models for consideration. Which stage of the decision-making process is this?
A) Generate and evaluate alternative courses of action.
B) Identify and define the problem.
C) Evaluate results.
D) Implement the decision.
E) Decide on a preferred course of action.

Accepted Answer

Joseph is in the stage where he is generating and evaluating different options (computer models) to address his need, which aligns with generating and evaluating alternative courses of action.

Question 2

Any decision should meet the ___.
A) ethics double-check
B) bounded rationality limitations
C) intellectual capital requirements
D) group decision-making criteria
E) creativity guidelines

Accepted Answer

Ethics double-check ensures that decisions align with moral and ethical standards, which is crucial for responsible decision-making.

Question 3

Which statement about heuristics is correct?
A) The availability heuristic occurs when people use information from memory as a basis for assessing a current situation or event.
B) The representativeness heuristic occurs when people assess the likelihood of something occurring based on its similarity to a stereotyped set of occurrences.
C) The anchoring and adjustment heuristic involves making decisions based on alterations to a previously existing value or starting point.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

All three statements accurately describe different types of heuristics. The availability heuristic involves using information from memory to assess a current situation or event. The representativeness heuristic involves assessing the likelihood of something occurring based on its similarity to a stereotyped set of occurrences. The anchoring and adjustment heuristic involves making decisions based on alterations to a previously existing value or starting point. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 4

Which of the following questions does not address the ethical criteria for decision making that managers should use? A) Does the decision satisfy all constituents or stakeholders? B) Does the decision respect the rights and duties of everyone? C) Does the decision fulfill the organization's strategic objectives? D) Is the decision consistent with the canons of justice? E) Is the decision consistent with my responsibilities to care?

Accepted Answer

While fulfilling the organization's strategic objectives is an important consideration for managers, it is not directly related to the ethical criteria for decision making. The other options all address ethical considerations such as stakeholder satisfaction, respect for rights and duties, consistency with justice, and responsibility to care.

Question 5

Strategies, such as framing, that are used for simplifying decision making are known as ___.
A) algorithmics
B) statistics
C) data mining
D) optimizing strategies
E) heuristics

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or simplified strategies used to make decisions. Framing is one popular heuristic where individuals make a decision based on the way the decision is presented or framed to them. Option A, B, and D refer to specific methods or techniques that can be used to analyze data or optimize decisions, but do not specifically relate to simplifying decision making. Option C, data mining, involves analyzing large sets of data to uncover patterns, relationships, or insights. This may help in decision making but is not a simplification strategy in itself.

Question 6

When a problem is evaluated and resolved in the positive or negative context in which it is perceived, a(n) ___ occurs.
A) lack-of-participation error
B) escalation error
C) framing error
D) group decision error
E) satisficing error

Accepted Answer

A framing error occurs when a problem is evaluated and resolved only in the context in which it is perceived, without considering different perspectives or alternative frames of reference. This can lead to biased or incomplete decision-making.

Question 7

After purchasing new computers for his department, Joseph is now comparing the performance of the new computers to the computers they replaced. Which stage of the decision-making process is he carrying out?
A) Generate and evaluate alternative courses of action.
B) Identify and define the problem.
C) Evaluate results.
D) Implement the decision.
E) Decide on a preferred course of action.

Accepted Answer

Joseph is evaluating the results of his decision to purchase new computers, which falls under the stage of evaluating results in the decision-making process.

Question 8

Catalina, the manager of a law firm, makes a decision about the pay raise of her interns based only on their current salaries. This type of decision making can lead to ___.
A) lack-of-participation error
B) availability bias
C) representativeness bias
D) framing error
E) confirmation error

Accepted Answer

The answer of Catalina, the manager of a law firm,...

Question 9

When people face complex environments and have limited information, they often use simplifying strategies for decision making. These simplifying strategies are known as ___.
A) uncertainty reduction
B) heuristics
C) optimizing
D) rationalization
E) work simplification

Accepted Answer

Simplifying strategies for decision making are known as heuristics. These are mental shortcuts that people use to simplify complex problems when they have limited information. Heuristics can be useful in many situations, but they can also lead to errors and biases in decision making.

Question 10

The failure to adequately involve the people whose support is necessary to ensure a plan's implementation is a major reason for difficulties in the ___ stage of decision making.
A) identification and problem definition
B) solution generation and evaluation
C) solution selection and "ethics double-check"
D) implementation
E) evaluation

Accepted Answer

The implementation stage is where decisions are put into action, and involving the right people is crucial for success. Without their support and input, resistance to the plan may arise, making it harder to implement effectively.

Question 11

The ___ bases a decision on recent information or events.
A) framing error
B) availability bias
C) representativeness bias
D) confirmation error
E) anchoring bias

Accepted Answer

The availability bias is a cognitive bias in which a person bases a decision or judgment on the most easily accessible or readily available information, which is often the most recent information or events. This bias can lead to inaccurate judgments if important information that is not easily accessible or recent is not considered.

Question 12

Which of the following statement does not accurately describe an attribute or feature of ethical decision making? A) The "ethics double-check" should address the question: "How would I feel if my family found out about this decision?" B) The "ethics double-check" should address the question: "How would I feel if this decision were published in the local newspaper?" C) The "ethics double-check" should be done during step 3 of the decision-making process. D) Any discomfort in answering the "ethics double-check" questions signifies that the decision may have ethical shortcomings. E) Only major managerial decisions need to meet the criteria of the "ethics double-check."

Accepted Answer

The statement that only major managerial decisions need to meet the criteria of the "ethics double-check" is not accurate. Ethical decision making should be a part of all decisions, no matter how small or big they are.

Question 13

Examining the ___ a proposed decision may result in both better decisions and the prevention of costly litigation.
A) implementation strategy for
B) ethical reasoning of
C) expected results of
D) required resources for
E) top management support for

Accepted Answer

By examining the ethical reasoning behind a proposed decision, potential ethical dilemmas and conflicts of interest can be identified and addressed before a decision is made, ultimately leading to better decisions and preventing costly litigation.

Question 14

The ___ occurs when people use information "readily available" from memory as a basis for assessing a current situation or event.
A) representativeness heuristic
B) availability heuristic
C) escalation heuristic
D) satisficing heuristic
E) anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is the tendency to rely on readily available information from our memory or recent experiences when making judgments or decisions.

Question 15

The manager at a shoe retail store is trying to estimate how much stock to order for the current spring season based on last spring's outcomes. The manager is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?
A) reliability
B) risk
C) uncertainty
D) certainty
E) crisis

Accepted Answer

The answer of The manager at a shoe retail store...

Question 16

Melissa has been assigned to implement performance improvement procedures in her organization. She is in the final stage of the decision-making process. In order to make sure that the performance improvement procedures she implemented have been effective, she should ___.
A) analyze the performance improvement procedures
B) identify and define the factors affecting performance
C) generate and evaluate alternative course of action
D) choose a preferred course of action
E) evaluate the results

Accepted Answer

In order to make sure that the implementation of performance improvement procedures have been effective, Melissa should evaluate the results. This will enable her to determine if the procedures have produced the desired outcomes and if they need to be modified or further refined. The other options are relevant to earlier stages of the decision-making process but not specific to evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented procedures.

Question 17

Which of the following does not accurately describe the evaluation of results in the decision-making process? A) The decision-making process is not complete until results are evaluated. B) The process must be renewed when results are not achieved. C) Only negative consequences of the chosen course of action need to be examined. D) Evaluation is made easier if the solution involves clear objectives with measurable targets and timetables. E) A modified or new solution may need to be generated if the original solution appears to be inadequate.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Only negative consequences of the chosen course of action need to be examined" is not accurate. Both positive and negative consequences should be examined during the evaluation of results in the decision-making process.

Question 18

Joseph evaluated seven different computer models and decided that the Dell model was the best choice for his company's purposes. After obtaining permission, he ordered the computers from a reputable company. Which stage of the decision-making process is Joseph carrying out in making the order?
A) Generate and evaluate alternative courses of action.
B) Identify and define the problem.
C) Evaluate results.
D) Implement the decision.
E) Decide on a preferred course of action.

Accepted Answer

Joseph has already gone through the earlier stages of the decision-making process, such as identifying the problem, generating and evaluating alternative courses of action, and deciding on a preferred course of action. Now, by ordering the computers, he is implementing his decision.

Question 19

A decision-making process ends with the
A) choice of a preferred course of action.
B) evaluation of implemented solutions.
C) implementation of the decision.
D) evaluation of alternative solutions.
E) generation of alternative solutions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A decision-making process ends with the
A) choice...

Question 20

A(n) ___ occurs when a problem is evaluated and resolved in the context in which it is perceived.
A) escalating commitment
B) lack-of-participation error
C) confirmation error
D) availability bias
E) framing error

Accepted Answer

A framing error occurs when a problem is evaluated and resolved within the context in which it is perceived, meaning the way the problem is presented or "framed" can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Quiz 7: Information and Decision Making

Joseph determines that he needs to purchase new computers for his department and he make a list of seven different computer models for consideration. Which stage of the decision-making process is this?

Any decision should meet the ___.

Which statement about heuristics is correct?

Which of the following questions does not address the ethical criteria for decision making that managers should use?

Strategies, such as framing, that are used for simplifying decision making are known as ___.

When a problem is evaluated and resolved in the positive or negative context in which it is perceived, a(n) ___ occurs.

After purchasing new computers for his department, Joseph is now comparing the performance of the new computers to the computers they replaced. Which stage of the decision-making process is he carrying out?

Catalina, the manager of a law firm, makes a decision about the pay raise of her interns based only on their current salaries. This type of decision making can lead to ___.

When people face complex environments and have limited information, they often use simplifying strategies for decision making. These simplifying strategies are known as ___.

The failure to adequately involve the people whose support is necessary to ensure a plan's implementation is a major reason for difficulties in the ___ stage of decision making.

The ___ bases a decision on recent information or events.

Which of the following statement does not accurately describe an attribute or feature of ethical decision making?

Examining the ___ a proposed decision may result in both better decisions and the prevention of costly litigation.

The ___ occurs when people use information "readily available" from memory as a basis for assessing a current situation or event.

The manager at a shoe retail store is trying to estimate how much stock to order for the current spring season based on last spring's outcomes. The manager is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?

Melissa has been assigned to implement performance improvement procedures in her organization. She is in the final stage of the decision-making process. In order to make sure that the performance improvement procedures she implemented have been effective, she should ___.

Which of the following does not accurately describe the evaluation of results in the decision-making process?

Joseph evaluated seven different computer models and decided that the Dell model was the best choice for his company's purposes. After obtaining permission, he ordered the computers from a reputable company. Which stage of the decision-making process is Joseph carrying out in making the order?

A decision-making process ends with the

A(n) ___ occurs when a problem is evaluated and resolved in the context in which it is perceived.