Question 1

The Canadian physician Hans Selye established the area of study now known as

Accepted Answer

Hans Selye is known as the father of stress physiology, as he conducted extensive research on the physiological effects of stress on the body. He coined the term "general adaptation syndrome" to describe the body's response to chronic stress, and his work laid the foundation for the study of stress and its impact on health.

Question 2

An experiment by Canadian neurophysiologist Bryan Kolb and his colleagues demonstrated that the offspring of rats raised in a complex environment exhibited

Accepted Answer

The experiment demonstrated that the offspring of rats raised in a complex environment had increased synaptic space on the neurons in their cerebral cortex, indicating greater neural connectivity and plasticity.

Question 3

The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is

Accepted Answer

The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is that both biological and psychological/social processes are important levels of analysis for understanding human behavior. They are interconnected and influence each other. We cannot reduce behavior to just one level of analysis but must take an integrative approach. Choice A acknowledges the importance of both levels of analysis and emphasizes their equal significance.

Question 4

Clark and Beck (2010)have modified Aaron Beck's cognitive formulation of depression and anxiety to include neurobiological correlates of cognitive therapy (CT): as CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes,imaging studies show that these changes are accompanied by

Accepted Answer

Clark and Beck (2010) state that imaging studies show that CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes by reducing activation of subcortical regions and increasing activation of cortical regions involved in cognitive control of emotion and reflective processes.

Question 5

The effects of untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)are

Accepted Answer

Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) leads to markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine, which can cause severe mental retardation. The excess phenylalanine can damage the developing brain and lead to cognitive impairment, behavioral issues, and seizures. However, if PKU is properly managed through a low-phenylalanine diet and medication, these effects can be largely prevented. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and dyslexia are not known to be direct effects of PKU. Additionally, glycogen is a different molecule than phenylalanine and is not directly related to PKU.

Question 6

According to the text,which of the following is NOT a general aim of theories about mental disorders?

Accepted Answer

Identifying characteristics that precede and follow episodes of the problem behaviour is not a general aim of theories about mental disorders. It may be a part of specific research studies on a particular disorder, but it is not a broad aim of theories. The other options listed (B through E) are all general aims of theories about mental disorders.

Question 7

Which of the following statements concerning neurotransmitters is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

The statement that neurotransmitters are spread fairly evenly throughout the brain and play approximately equal roles in different functions is not true. Different neurotransmitters are concentrated in different regions of the brain and have specific roles in various functions.

Question 8

Single-factor explanations

Accepted Answer

Single-factor explanations posit one factor as the cause of a psychological disorder. They are not preferred over other explanations because they oversimplify complex phenomena. They do not reflect a high level of current comprehensive knowledge of disorders and tend to identify risk factors rather than specific causes. A more accurate view is that behaviour is the product of the interaction of several factors.

Question 9

A theory of abnormal behaviour

Accepted Answer

A theory of abnormal behaviour should not be abandoned until a better one is available because it can still generate further research and provide some understanding of the phenomenon in question. However, if a theory has been shown to be incorrect, it is necessary to develop a new one that better matches current information. Therefore, choice E is the best option as it acknowledges the importance of abandoning a theory when a better one is available while recognizing the value of having a theory in generating further research.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding brain plasticity?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT TRUE...

Question 11

Dementia,a deterioration in cognitive processes seen in disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's,has been linked to

Accepted Answer

Dementia is characterized by the general loss or ineffectiveness of brain cells, leading to a decline in cognitive function. This loss of brain cells is often caused by certain diseases, such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's, that affect the brain's structure and function. Spinal cord injury, dysfunction of the reticular activating system of the midbrain, dysfunction of the hindbrain, or damage to the cerebellum are not typically associated with dementia.

Question 12

Theories

Accepted Answer

Theories are not facts, but rather the best approximation possible at the present time. A theory can be replaced by a better theory if new evidence is discovered, but the original theory still remains a valid approximation of reality based on the knowledge available at the time. Theories cannot be proven correct, but they can be supported by evidence and withstand attempts at falsification.

Question 13

In science,experiments are set up not to prove the worth of a theory,but rather to reject what is called the

Accepted Answer

In science, experiments are set up to test a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no significant difference or relationship between two variables being studied. The goal of the experiment is to reject the null hypothesis, which then supports the experimental hypothesis or theory being tested. Therefore, the correct choice is D: null hypothesis.

Question 14

An integrative approach to the case study of Hailey at the start of the Chapter

Accepted Answer

An integrative approach considers biological, psychological, and social factors and how they interact over time to influence Hailey's depression.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a manner in which disturbances in neurotransmitter systems can result in abnormal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Having certain neurotransmitters working in brain circuits not responsive to those transmitters is not a way that disturbances in neurotransmitter systems can result in abnormal behavior. The other options listed are all ways that disturbances in neurotransmitter systems can impact behavior.

Question 16

The etiology of a disorder refers to

Accepted Answer

Etiology refers to the causes or origins of a disorder, including genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the development of the disorder.

Question 17

It can be inferred from the Chapter's discussion that current theories about the brain bases of abnormal behavior

Accepted Answer

The chapter discusses how current theories about the brain bases of abnormal behavior have given more weight to the roles of neurotransmitters than actual neuronal damage. The chapter also highlights the limitations of this approach and the need to consider both factors. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 18

According to the text,scientific theories,such as those of abnormal psychology,are judged to be valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The text does not mention that scientific theories describe the enduring truth about an issue. The other choices are all mentioned as reasons for the value of scientific theories in the text.

Question 19

The autonomic nervous system consists of

Accepted Answer

The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic nervous system (which activates the "fight or flight" response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (which activates the "rest and digest" response). The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control, while the endocrine system is a separate bodily system responsible for hormone regulation. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are separate systems that make up the nervous system as a whole. The parasomatic nervous system is not a recognized part of the nervous system.

Question 20

Biological theories of abnormal behavior have primarily implicated dysfunctions in

Accepted Answer

Biological theories of abnormal behavior have primarily implicated dysfunctions in the brain (central nervous system), the peripheral nervous system, or the endocrine system. These dysfunctions can lead to changes in behavior, cognition, and emotion. For example, abnormalities in neurotransmitter levels in the brain have been linked to various mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Hormonal imbalances in the endocrine system have also been associated with certain psychological disorders such as bipolar disorder and eating disorders. The peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that control movement and sensation in the body, can also contribute to abnormal behavior when it malfunctions. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Quiz 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour