An ATP synthase complex can act in reverse to function as an ATP-dependent proton pump.

Question

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The ATP synthase complex has two main subunits: F0 and F1. In normal conditions, it works as an ATP synthase, using the energy from the proton gradient to make ATP. However, under specific conditions, the F0 subunit can work in reverse to pump protons out of the mitochondria or other membrane-bound organelles, consuming ATP in the process. This process is known as ATP-dependent proton pumping or ATP hydrolysis.

An ATP Synthase Complex Can Act in Reverse to Function