Question 1

A researcher is very surprised to find a prokaryotic cell that is greater than 100 $\mu$m in diameter. How could this be possible?
A)A mutation has occurred that increases the size of the nucleoid by two, thereby allowing the cell to grow in diameter.
B)There may be a large vacuole in the cell, which allows nutrients to still reach all areas of the cytoplasm in the cell.
C)Plasmids within the cell carry mutations that allow the cell to grow larger in size.
D)Through pili interactions, the prokaryotic cell can grow larger in size.
E)A mutation has increased the size of the nucleoid by two, or the prokaryote can grow larger in size through pili interactions.

Accepted Answer

Large vacuoles can store nutrients and water, helping to increase the cell size by providing a means to distribute nutrients throughout the cell, even as it grows larger than typical prokaryotic sizes.

Question 2

Disorders of which organelle are often associated with defects in transport from compartment to compartment, resulting in poor sorting of protein components within the cell?
A)plasma membrane
B)plasmids
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)the Golgi apparatus
E)nucleus

Accepted Answer

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the sorting, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell. Disorders of the Golgi apparatus are often associated with defects in transport from compartment to compartment, resulting in poor sorting of protein components within the cell.

Question 3

Which of the following eukaryotic cell structures plays a role in protein trafficking and sorting?
A)mitochondria
B)lysosomes
C)the endoplasmic reticulum
D)the Golgi apparatus
E)vacuoles

Accepted Answer

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for delivery to their final destination within or outside of the cell.

Question 4

From the following list of compartments and locations in the cell, build a pathway that a protein would follow from its initial synthesis to its secretion. Not all structures/compartments listed will necessarily be used.
endoplasmic reticulum
transport vesicle
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
nucleus
cytosol
plasma membrane
cell wall
chloroplast

Accepted Answer

The answer of From the following list of compartments and...

Question 5

Some diseases, such as Tay-Sachs, are caused by the defective breakdown of cellular components. Which of the following organelles is defective?
A)plasma membrane
B)ribosome
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)Golgi apparatus
E)lysosome

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and materials. When they are defective, they are unable to properly break down certain components, leading to diseases such as Tay-Sachs.

Question 6

A bacterial cell, a plant cell, and an animal cell have which of the following structures in common?
A)nucleus
B)cell wall
C)vacuole
D)nucleoid
E)cytoplasm

Accepted Answer

All three cell types have cytoplasm, the gel-like substance inside the cell membrane where most cellular processes occur. Option A (nucleus) is found only in eukaryotic cells and plant and animal cells are eukaryotes. Option B (cell wall) is specific to plant cells and some bacterial cells. Option C (vacuole) is found only in plant cells and some fungal and protist cells. Option D (nucleoid) is specific to bacterial cells and refers to the region where the bacterial chromosome is located.

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein as it is synthesized and released from the cell?
A)plasma membrane $\rightarrow$ ER $\rightarrow$ vesicle $\rightarrow$  Golgi $\rightarrow$  cytosol $\rightarrow$  external environment
B)cytosol $\rightarrow$  ER $\rightarrow$  Golgi $\rightarrow$  vesicle $\rightarrow$  plasma membrane $\rightarrow$ external environment
C)nuclear envelope $\rightarrow$  ER $\rightarrow$  vesicle $\rightarrow$  Golgi $\rightarrow$ plasma membrane $\rightarrow$  external environment
D)cytosol$\rightarrow$  Golgi $\rightarrow$ ER $\rightarrow$  vesicle $\rightarrow$  plasma membrane $\rightarrow$  external environment
E)nucleus$\rightarrow$  ER $\rightarrow$  Golgi $\rightarrow$  vesicle $\rightarrow$ plasma membrane $\rightarrow$  external environment

Accepted Answer

Proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and then undergo post-translational modifications in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), followed by further modifications in the Golgi apparatus. The modified proteins are then packaged into vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane for secretion into the external environment. Option B accurately depicts this path: cytosol ➞ ER ➞ Golgi ➞ vesicle ➞ plasma membrane ➞ external environment. None of the other options accurately portrays this path.

Question 8

Imagine that you have two blades of grass. One is from a normal plant, and the other is from a mutant plant that cannot produce vacuoles. How will the structures of these two blades of grass compare?
A)The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear limp compared to that from the normal plant.
B)The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear taller than that from the normal plant.
C)The grass blade from the mutant plant will be sturdier compared to that from the normal plant.
D)The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear unpigmented compared to that from the normal plant.
E)The grass blades from the mutant and normal plant will appear identical.

Accepted Answer

Vacuoles play an important role in plant growth by regulating turgor pressure. Without vacuoles, the grass blade from the mutant plant will not be able to maintain its turgor pressure, causing it to appear limp compared to the grass blade from the normal plant.

Question 9

Put the following events in the CORRECT sequence for a protein that will be secreted from the cell.
A. SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome.
B. Translation resumes.
C. SRP binds to its receptor.
D. The signal sequence is cleaved.
E. Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol.
F. Translation pauses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Put the following events in the CORRECT...

Question 10

Which one of the following is MOST closely related to archaea?
A)eukaryotes
B)bacteria
C)both eukaryotes and bacteria
D)neither eukaryotes nor bacteria

Accepted Answer

Archaea and eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with bacteria, making eukaryotes more closely related to archaea.

Question 11

Bacteria are rarely larger than 1-2 $\mu$m in size, and are typically shaped like rods, spheres, or spirals. What likely accounts for the shape and size of these prokaryotes?
A)Such shapes likely make it difficult for predators to catch bacteria.
B)Such shapes can accommodate the complex arrangements of plasmids within bacteria.
C)Such shapes facilitate the formation of pili in bacteria.
D)Such shapes maximize the surface area over which nutrients can diffuse into bacteria.
E)Such shapes both facilitate the formation of pili in bacteria and maximize the surface area over which nutrients can diffuse into bacteria.

Accepted Answer

The small size and diverse shapes of bacteria allow for a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which maximizes the surface area over which nutrients can diffuse into the cell. This facilitates the efficient uptake of nutrients needed for growth and reproduction. The diverse shapes also allow bacteria to occupy a variety of niches and habitats, and may aid in their motility and attachment to surfaces.

Question 12

Prokaryotes contain nucleoids, which are similar to nuclei in that they contain rudimentary chromosomes referred to as plasmids.

Accepted Answer

Nucleoids in prokaryotes do contain the cell's genetic material, but this is not in the form of plasmids. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes that exist and replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. The main genetic material in a nucleoid is a single, long, circular DNA chromosome, not plasmids.

Question 13

Prokaryotes absorb their nutrients from the environment; however, prokaryotes also have cell walls. What can you conclude from these statements?
A)Cell walls are permeable, allowing nutrients to pass through.
B)Prokaryotes live in a hypertonic environment.
C)Osmosis drives the movement of nutrients through the cell wall.
D)Prokaryotic cell walls do not allow nutrients to pass through them.

Accepted Answer

The fact that prokaryotes absorb nutrients from their environment implies that nutrients must be able to pass through their cell walls. This suggests that prokaryotic cell walls are permeable.

Question 14

Imagine that you are investigating the production of insulin in normal cells to help determine the cause of faulty insulin production in cells in which insulin appears to be synthesized but fails to be secreted from the cell. You design experiments using three different pharmaceutical compounds to help pinpoint the trouble spot in the protein synthetic pathway. The first compound blocks the movement of transport vesicles in the cytoplasm. The second blocks SRP release from the ribosome and mRNA. The third compound binds to and blocks the signal sequence so that the SRP cannot recognize it. For each of these three treatments, indicate (1) whether the protein would be made at all, and if so, (2) where in the cell you would find it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are investigating the production...

Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cytosol?
A)Cytosol contains, and includes, organelles.
B)Cytosol is the "jelly" substance within cells.
C)Cytosol excludes organelles.
D)Cytosol includes the nucleus.
E)Cytosol is the "jelly" substance within cells and it excludes organelles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is TRUE...

Question 16

Many cellular disorders exist in which the synthesis of certain proteins and their transport to specific locations in the cell are affected. Which organelles are involved in these disorders and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many cellular disorders exist in which the...

Question 17

If a cell lacked a cytoskeleton, which of the following would likely be a result?
A)The cell would be unable to harness energy.
B)The cell would be unable to carry out translation.
C)The shape of the cell would be impacted.
D)Protein movement in the cell would be affected.
E)The shape of the cell would be affected and protein movement in the cell would be affected.

Accepted Answer

The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape and stability of the cell. Without it, the cell would lose its shape and become vulnerable to damage. Additionally, the cytoskeleton is responsible for the movement of proteins within the cell. Without it, protein movement would be highly affected, leading to problems with cellular functions such as transport and signaling. Therefore, the lack of a cytoskeleton would result in both the shape of the cell being affected and protein movement within the cell being impacted.

Question 18

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the MOST obvious effect on the cell?
A)Translation would not be completed for most proteins.
B)All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain partially formed and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
C)Proteins destined for the nucleus would remain in the cytosol.
D)No proteins would arrive at their proper destinations within the cell.
E)All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain in the cytosol.

Accepted Answer

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is crucial for directing ribosomes that synthesize certain proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for further processing and eventual secretion out of the cell. If the SRP is nonfunctional, proteins that are normally secreted would not be directed to the ER and would instead accumulate in the cytosol.

Question 19

List in order each compartment that a secreted protein passes through from its initial synthesis until it is released to the outside of the cell.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List in order each compartment that a...

Question 20

Which of the following sequences of events correctly describes the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell?
 1)SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome.
2) Translation resumes.
3) SRP binds to its receptor.
4) The signal sequence is cleaved.
5) Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol.
6) Translation pauses.
A)5® 1 ® 6 ® 3 ® 2® 4
B)5 $\rightarrow$  6 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$  3 $\rightarrow$  2 $\rightarrow$  4
C)3 $\rightarrow$  6 $\rightarrow$  1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$  5

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence of events is:5) Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol.6) Translation pauses.1) SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome.3) SRP binds to its receptor.2) Translation resumes.4) The signal sequence is cleaved.

Quiz 5: Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

A researcher is very surprised to find a prokaryotic cell that is greater than 100 $\mu$ m in diameter. How could this be possible?

Disorders of which organelle are often associated with defects in transport from compartment to compartment, resulting in poor sorting of protein components within the cell?

Which of the following eukaryotic cell structures plays a role in protein trafficking and sorting?

Some diseases, such as Tay-Sachs, are caused by the defective breakdown of cellular components. Which of the following organelles is defective?

A bacterial cell, a plant cell, and an animal cell have which of the following structures in common?

Which of the following accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein as it is synthesized and released from the cell?

Imagine that you have two blades of grass. One is from a normal plant, and the other is from a mutant plant that cannot produce vacuoles. How will the structures of these two blades of grass compare?

Which one of the following is MOST closely related to archaea?

Bacteria are rarely larger than 1-2 $\mu$ m in size, and are typically shaped like rods, spheres, or spirals. What likely accounts for the shape and size of these prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes contain nucleoids, which are similar to nuclei in that they contain rudimentary chromosomes referred to as plasmids.

Prokaryotes absorb their nutrients from the environment; however, prokaryotes also have cell walls. What can you conclude from these statements?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cytosol?

Many cellular disorders exist in which the synthesis of certain proteins and their transport to specific locations in the cell are affected. Which organelles are involved in these disorders and why?

If a cell lacked a cytoskeleton, which of the following would likely be a result?

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the MOST obvious effect on the cell?

List in order each compartment that a secreted protein passes through from its initial synthesis until it is released to the outside of the cell.

Quiz 5: Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

A researcher is very surprised to find a prokaryotic cell that is greater than 100 μ\muμ m in diameter. How could this be possible?

Disorders of which organelle are often associated with defects in transport from compartment to compartment, resulting in poor sorting of protein components within the cell?

Which of the following eukaryotic cell structures plays a role in protein trafficking and sorting?

Some diseases, such as Tay-Sachs, are caused by the defective breakdown of cellular components. Which of the following organelles is defective?

A bacterial cell, a plant cell, and an animal cell have which of the following structures in common?

Which of the following accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein as it is synthesized and released from the cell?

Imagine that you have two blades of grass. One is from a normal plant, and the other is from a mutant plant that cannot produce vacuoles. How will the structures of these two blades of grass compare?

Which one of the following is MOST closely related to archaea?

Bacteria are rarely larger than 1-2 μ\muμ m in size, and are typically shaped like rods, spheres, or spirals. What likely accounts for the shape and size of these prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes contain nucleoids, which are similar to nuclei in that they contain rudimentary chromosomes referred to as plasmids.

Prokaryotes absorb their nutrients from the environment; however, prokaryotes also have cell walls. What can you conclude from these statements?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cytosol?

Many cellular disorders exist in which the synthesis of certain proteins and their transport to specific locations in the cell are affected. Which organelles are involved in these disorders and why?

If a cell lacked a cytoskeleton, which of the following would likely be a result?

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the MOST obvious effect on the cell?

List in order each compartment that a secreted protein passes through from its initial synthesis until it is released to the outside of the cell.

A researcher is very surprised to find a prokaryotic cell that is greater than 100 $\mu$ m in diameter. How could this be possible?

Bacteria are rarely larger than 1-2 $\mu$ m in size, and are typically shaped like rods, spheres, or spirals. What likely accounts for the shape and size of these prokaryotes?