One of the challenges of conducting health research is that it is impossible, and unethical, to manipulate certain variables, such as sexual behaviors or smoking. The research design that examines differences between groups without manipulating these groups is

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The research design that examines differences between groups without manipulating these groups is called an ex post facto study. In this type of design, the researcher cannot randomly assign participants to groups or manipulate certain variables due to ethical concerns, but can only observe and measure existing group differences. Therefore, the research is conducted retrospectively, after the groups have already been formed or the variable has already occurred.

One of the Challenges of Conducting Health Research Is That