In quasi-experimental designs:

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In quasi-experimental designs, the experimenter manipulates some variables, but is not able to manipulate other important variables. This lack of control over all variables limits the ability to clearly demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between variables. However, quasi-experiments can still be informative in examining real-world phenomena where controlled experimentation is not feasible. Random assignment may or may not be used to control extraneous influences, depending on the specific design. Option A is not correct because previous studies are summarized in a literature review, not in a quasi-experimental design. Option C is incorrect because random assignment is not always used in quasi-experimental designs. Option D is incorrect because quasi-experimental designs cannot always demonstrate cause and effect relationships.

In Quasi-Experimental Designs