Question 1

Perspective effects in mental maps cause __________.
A) close locations to be remembered as further apart
B) far locations to be remembered as further apart
C) intermediate locations to be compressed
D) no change in memory reports

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perspective effects in mental maps cause __________.
A)...

Question 2

Which of the following distorts estimates of space derived from mental maps?
A) semantic relations
B) learning context
C) overlearning
D) recognition tests

Accepted Answer

Semantic relations can distort estimates of space derived from mental maps because they are based on a person's understanding and interpretation of the relationships between different locations or landmarks, rather than their actual physical proximity or distances. This can lead to inaccuracies and distortions in mental maps. Learning context, overlearning, and recognition tests may also affect the accuracy of mental maps, but they do not directly distort estimates of space in the same way as semantic relations.

Question 3

Which of the following memories are easiest to locate in time?
A) first occurrences of an event
B) last occurrences of an event
C) first and last occurrences of an event
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

First and last occurrences of events are typically easier to locate in time due to their distinctive positions in a sequence, making them more memorable and easier to recall.

Question 4

A mental map created from an actual map will show ______________ orientation effects relative to actual experience with an area.
A) larger
B) similar
C) smaller
D) inverse

Accepted Answer

The answer of A mental map created from an actual...

Question 5

If spatial and temporal proximity are deconfounded during learning, what is the organization of the mental map that is observed?
A) spatial
B) both spatial and temporal
C) temporal
D) It depends on the tasks used.

Accepted Answer

When spatial and temporal proximity are deconfounded during learning, the organization of the mental map observed can depend on the specific tasks used in the learning process. Different tasks may emphasize spatial or temporal relationships differently, leading to variations in how information is organized and represented mentally.

Question 6

A mental map created from a bird's eye view description is called a __________.
A) survey perspective
B) route perspective
C) overview map
D) spatial map

Accepted Answer

A survey perspective is a mental map created from a bird's eye view, providing an overview of an area as if the viewer is looking down from above.

Question 7

An effect of temporal memory in which older memories are harder to locate in time is __________.
A) memory age effect
B) forward telescoping
C) primacy effect
D) backwards telescoping

Accepted Answer

Memory age effect refers to the difficulty in locating older memories in time.

Question 8

When people create mental maps created from a description, the further away an object is from a person's current location, the less available information about that object is in memory. The phenomenon is called a __________.
A) spatial gradient effect
B) Euclidean distance effect
C) route distance finding
D) Mercator hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as the spatial gradient effect, which states that the further away an object is from a person's current location, the less detailed information the person has about that object in their mental map.

Question 9

Memory for spatial information can often be distorted by changes in __________.
A) scale from the original map
B) relative praxial extensions
C) orientation from the original map
D) reference frame coordination

Accepted Answer

Orientation from the original map can result in distortions in memory for spatial information. For example, if a person initially views a map with north facing up, but then views a rotated map with east facing up, their memory of the spatial layout may be distorted.

Question 10

Hybrid models assume that ________ and _________ have an influence on mental map organization.
A) orientation; projection
B) space; projection
C) time; projection
D) space; time

Accepted Answer

Hybrid models assume that both space and time have an influence on mental map organization.

Question 11

Research on the angle error estimates has found that __________.
A) people increase distances for locations close to the point of perspective
B) some people are better at mentally rotating objects than others
C) counter-aligned presentation of orientation paths is easier for navigation
D) information is better when people organize information

Accepted Answer

Research in spatial cognition and mental rotation has shown that individuals vary in their ability to mentally rotate objects, indicating that some people are indeed better at this task than others.

Question 12

The bearing map tends to be more developed in _______, while the sketch map tends to be more developed in ________.
A) males; males
B) females; males
C) males; females
D) females; females

Accepted Answer

Based on the information given, there is no indication that gender has any influence on the development of bearing maps or sketch maps. Therefore, the correct answer is based on the relative strengths of each type of map. Bearing maps are typically used for navigation and direction-finding, and are often developed in fields like engineering and surveying. Sketch maps, on the other hand, are often used for artistic or creative purposes, and may be more developed in fields like art and design. Thus, the bearing map tends to be more developed in males, while the sketch map tends to be more developed in females, making choice C the best answer.

Question 13

When people read a text that refers to an area that they had previously learned by studying a map, the pattern of reading times will show a spatial gradient availability. This refers to an effect of spatial ____________ from the learned map in memory on the ability to comprehend the text.
A) orientation
B) scale
C) landmarks
D) distance

Accepted Answer

The spatial gradient availability in reading times refers to the effect of spatial distance from the learned map in memory on the ability to comprehend the text. Therefore, the best choice is D (distance). The other options (orientation, scale, landmarks) do not accurately describe this effect.

Question 14

Mental rotation and orientation effects are more likely to be observed when a person learns a space, and creates a mental map in memory, from __________.
A) a text.
B) a paper map 
C) actual experience with the space
D) a highly familiar environment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mental rotation and orientation effects are more...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a class of theories of temporal memory?
A) relative time
B) absolute time
C) temporal distance
D) temporal location

Accepted Answer

Absolute time is not a class of theories of temporal memory; the other options are recognized classes.

Question 16

Perspective effects in mental maps are NOT influenced by __________.
A) semantic relations
B) the location from which one imagines viewing
C) orientation of the original map
D) individual differences in spatial processing

Accepted Answer

Semantic relations refer to the meanings and relationships between concepts, which do not directly influence the perspective effects in mental maps. Perspective effects are more directly influenced by spatial and visual factors rather than semantic content.

Question 17

Buildings prime each other more in mental maps if __________.
A) both are shorter than 100 feet tall
B) they are in distinct regions of the area
C) they serve the same function
D) they are not interactive with each other or with the perceiver

Accepted Answer

Buildings that serve the same function, such as two office buildings or two residential buildings, are more likely to prime each other in mental maps. This is because they share similar characteristics and are more likely to be remembered together as a cohesive unit.

Question 18

The orientation effect refers to __________.
A) the natural alignment of mental maps to exact reality
B) tendencies to view all intersections at 90 degrees in mental maps
C) better memory when orientation is the same as it was during encoding
D) increased likelihood to use temporal rather than spatial memory

Accepted Answer

The orientation effect refers to the phenomenon in which memory is better when the orientation during retrieval matches the orientation during encoding. Therefore, the best choice is C which states that the orientation effect results in better memory recall when the orientation is the same as it was during encoding. Options A, B, and D are not accurate definitions of the orientation effect.

Question 19

A mental map created from a description based on the point of view of a person walking through the area is called a __________.
A) survey perspective
B) route perspective
C) overview map
D) spatial map

Accepted Answer

A mental map created from a description based on the point of view of a person walking through the area is called a route perspective. This type of mental map emphasizes the specific streets, landmarks, and buildings that are encountered on a walking route through an area. It is useful for navigating or giving directions in a localized area. The other answer choices are either incorrect or do not match the description given.

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE about temporal theories of mental maps?
A) Mental maps' organization reflects the order of temporal acquisition.
B) Spatial priming is observed during spatial-temporal deconfounding.
C) Map distortion is primarily due to hierarchical relationships between the locations.
D) Mental maps acquired in a temporal order are more accurate than those acquired spatially.

Accepted Answer

Temporal theories of mental maps suggest that the organization of mental maps reflects the order in which locations were experienced or learned over time, rather than their spatial relationships. Therefore, option A is true. Option B is not a characteristic of temporal theories of mental maps but rather relates to the concept of spatial priming. Option C is a characteristic of hierarchical models of mental maps, not temporal models. Option D is not supported by research on temporal theories of mental maps.

Quiz 8: Memory for Space and Time

Perspective effects in mental maps cause __________.

Which of the following distorts estimates of space derived from mental maps?

Which of the following memories are easiest to locate in time?

A mental map created from an actual map will show ______________ orientation effects relative to actual experience with an area.

If spatial and temporal proximity are deconfounded during learning, what is the organization of the mental map that is observed?

A mental map created from a bird's eye view description is called a __________.

An effect of temporal memory in which older memories are harder to locate in time is __________.

When people create mental maps created from a description, the further away an object is from a person's current location, the less available information about that object is in memory. The phenomenon is called a __________.

Memory for spatial information can often be distorted by changes in __________.

Hybrid models assume that and _ have an influence on mental map organization.

Research on the angle error estimates has found that __________.

The bearing map tends to be more developed in _, while the sketch map tends to be more developed in __.

When people read a text that refers to an area that they had previously learned by studying a map, the pattern of reading times will show a spatial gradient availability. This refers to an effect of spatial ____________ from the learned map in memory on the ability to comprehend the text.

Mental rotation and orientation effects are more likely to be observed when a person learns a space, and creates a mental map in memory, from __________.

Which of the following is NOT a class of theories of temporal memory?

Perspective effects in mental maps are NOT influenced by __________.

Buildings prime each other more in mental maps if __________.

The orientation effect refers to __________.

A mental map created from a description based on the point of view of a person walking through the area is called a __________.

Which of the following is TRUE about temporal theories of mental maps?