Question 1

When formation of exudate is excessive, a drainage tract may develop through the injured tissue. This channel is often termed

Accepted Answer

A fistula is the channel through which excessive exudate passes to drain to the outside. Leukocytosis is a temporary increase in white blood cells. Erythema is redness of the skin or mucosa. Emigration occurs when white blood cells pass through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation into the injured tissue.

Question 2

All statements are true concerning the neutrophil except that the neutrophil is

Accepted Answer

In chronic inflammation, the primary cells are macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Neutrophils are the first cells at the site of injury. Neutrophils are the primary cells in acute inflammation. The main function of the neutrophil is phagocytosis.

Question 3

Which cell is the first to arrive at the site of injury and is the primary cell type involved in acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

The neutrophil is the first cell to arrive at the site of injury and is the primary cell type involved in acute inflammation. The macrophage is the second cell type to participate in the inflammatory response. The plasma cell is involved in chronic inflammation. The mast cell participates in both the inflammatory and immune responses.

Question 4

Which symptom is not a classic local sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of white blood cells and is a sign of systemic inflammation. Redness is a local clinical change at the site of injury and is one of the classic local signs of inflammation. Swelling is a local clinical change observed at the site of injury and is one of the classic local signs of inflammation. Loss of normal tissue function at the site of injury is a classic local sign of inflammation.

Question 5

Which system mediates inflammation by causing increased dilation of the blood vessels at the site of injury and increases the permeability of local blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

The kinin system mediates inflammation by causing increased dilation of the blood vessels at the site of injury and increases the permeability of local blood vessels. The clotting mechanism functions primarily in the clotting of blood. The complement system involves the production of a sequential cascade of plasma proteins that function in inflammation and immunity. Lysosomal enzymes are released from granules in the white blood cells; they act as chemotactic factors and can cause damage to connective tissues and the clot that has formed at the site of injury.

Question 6

The first response of the body to injury is

Accepted Answer

The inflammatory response is the first reaction to injury, and it involves a series of microscopic events. Anaphylaxis is a severe type of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction in which there is an exaggerated immunologic reaction resulting from the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine. Erythema is redness of the skin or mucosa and is a local sign of inflammation. Fever is the elevation of the normal body temperature and is a systemic sign of inflammation.

Question 7

The enlargement of lymph nodes is termed

Accepted Answer

Lymphadenopathy occurs when lymph nodes become enlarged and palpable. Atrophy is a decrease in size and function of a cell, a tissue, an organ, or the whole body. Hyperplasia is an enlargement of a tissue or an organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells. Leukocytosis is a temporary increase in the number of white blood cells.

Question 8

A patient comes to the office for an emergency visit complaining of a toothache in the left posterior mandible. On clinical examination you notice a gray-to-white patch on the left posterior buccal mucosa. On questioning, the patient tells you that this area is also painful. After reviewing the patient's medical history, you question the patient regarding his recent use of

Accepted Answer

This is a classic case of aspirin burn caused by the misuse of aspirin. The patient placed aspirin near the tooth that was aching; thus necrosis of the mucosa occurred, resulting in the painful white patch on the buccal mucosa. A chemical burn from the use of hydrogen peroxide would be more diffuse, probably bilateral, and not a white plaque. Antibiotics would be taken systemically and most likely swallowed. Commercial mouthwashes would not cause a localized lesion.

Question 9

A decrease in the size and function of a cell, a tissue, an organ, or the body is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Atrophy is defined as a decrease in the size and function of a cell, a tissue, an organ, or the whole body. Emigration is the passage of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation into the injured tissue. Hyperplasia is the enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells. Phagocytosis is the process of ingestion and digestion of particulate material by cells.

Question 10

The wearing away of tooth structure during mastication is termed

Accepted Answer

Attrition is defined as the wearing away of tooth structure during mastication. Erosion is the loss of tooth structure from chemical action. Abrasion is a pathologic wearing of tooth structure resulting from a repetitive mechanical habit. Abfraction is the result of biomechanical forces on the teeth.

Question 11

Which term describes white blood cells adhering to the walls of a blood vessel during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Pavementing is the adherence of white blood cells to the walls of a blood vessel during inflammation. Margination is a process during inflammation in which white blood cells move to the periphery of the blood vessel wall. Leukocytosis is a temporary increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in blood. Emigration is the passage of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation into the injured tissue.

Question 12

The first microscopic event in the inflammatory response is

Accepted Answer

After injury to the tissue, the first microscopic event is constriction of the microvasculature. Decreased blood flow occurs after exudate formation. Phagocytosis occurs when the white blood cells remove foreign substances from the site by ingestion and digestion; these substances must be removed for the inflammation to resolve. Dilation of the microvasculature is the second microcirculation event to occur after injury.

Question 13

A white raised line observed on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal plane of the teeth is most likely

Accepted Answer

Linea alba is a raised white line on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal plane; it is considered a variant of normal. Cheek biting is usually seen bilaterally as a diffuse area causing sloughing of the buccal mucosa near the occlusal plane. White sponge nevus is a genetic autosomal-dominant condition. Clinically, it is characterized by a white, soft, folding (corrugation) of the buccal mucosa. A thick layer of keratin produces the whitening effect. Frictional keratosis is caused by a chronic rubbing or friction against the mucosa or alveolar ridge. Diagnosis is made by identifying the trauma causing the lesion and removing the cause.

Question 14

Serous exudate is composed of which material(s)?

Accepted Answer

Serous exudate is composed of plasma fluids and proteins with a few white blood cells. Purulent exudate contains tissue debris and many white blood cells. Suppuration is the formation and discharge of pus, as seen in purulent exudate. Serous describes the watery consistency of plasma. Red blood cells are not a component of serous fluid.

Question 15

The loss of tooth structure seen in bulimia is caused by

Accepted Answer

Generalized erosion, especially on the lingual surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth, is caused by frequent vomiting in patients with bulimia. Patients with anorexia nervosa do not vomit after eating. Attrition is the wearing away of tooth structure during mastication. Bruxism occurs when there is nonfunctional grinding or clenching of the teeth.

Question 16

Which symptom is a systemic sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever is a systemic sign of inflammation. Redness is a local sign of inflammation. Pain is a local sign of inflammation caused by pressure on nerves by exudate formation. Loss of normal tissue function is a local sign of inflammation associated with local swelling and pain.

Question 17

Healing of an injury with little tissue loss, such as a surgical incision, is referred to as healing by which type of intention?

Accepted Answer

Healing by primary intention occurs when there is very little loss of tissue. The clean edges of the surgical incision are joined with sutures, and very little granulation tissue forms. Healing by tertiary intention occurs when an infection develops at the site of a surgical incision that is healing by primary intention. Healing by secondary intention may ensue. Keloid formation is excessive scar tissue development that can occur in healing by secondary intention when there is a significant loss of tissue. Healing by secondary intention occurs when the injury involves significant loss of tissue and the edges of the injury cannot be joined during healing. A large clot forms, resulting in an increase in granulation tissue.

Question 18

Which medication is a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug?

Accepted Answer

Prednisone is a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Motrin is ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Question 19

Neutrophils constitute what percentage of the entire white blood cell population?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils make up 60% to 70% of all white blood cells. There are significantly more than 5% of neutrophils in the entire white blood cell count. There are significantly more than 20% of neutrophils in the entire white blood cell count. There are fewer than 90% of neutrophils in the entire white blood cell count.

Question 20

Which type of inflammation occurs when the injury is minimal and brief and its source is removed from the tissue?

Accepted Answer

Acute inflammation occurs when the injury is minimal and brief. Chronic inflammation occurs when the inflammatory response lasts for longer periods, even indefinitely. Local is a term used to describe a specific area of inflammation. Systemic factors such as fever, leukocytosis, and lymphadenopathy occur when the injury is extensive.

Quiz 2: Inflammation and Repair