Question 1

What is self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

What are the four ways in which self-efficacy can be increased,and how do they work?

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Question 3

When it comes to fairness,people tend to have an egocentric,or self-serving,bias.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people tend to have a bias towards themselves when it comes to fairness, and may prioritize their own interests over others' interests. This bias can manifest in various ways, such as favoring their own group or assuming that their own actions are more justifiable than others'.

Question 4

You graduated from University two years ago and began working at Dingo Electronics.You have received good performance evaluations and a raise.You just found out that a recent college graduate with no experience has been hired for a similar position in another company at a higher salary than you are now making. You will likely use the ________ theory in evaluating how you regard this situation.

Accepted Answer

The situation described involves an inequity in salary between the individual and a recent college graduate with no experience. The equity theory suggests that individuals compare their own outcomes (in this case, salary) to the outcomes of others who are in similar positions. If the individual perceives an inequity, such as in this scenario, they may experience dissatisfaction or take actions to restore equity, such as asking for a raise or seeking a new job. Therefore, the best choice for this scenario is equity theory.

Question 5

What is reinforcement theory?

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Question 6

You graduated from University two years ago and began working at Dingo Electronics.You have received good performance evaluations and a raise.You just found out that a recent college graduate with no experience has been hired for a similar position in another company at a higher salary than you are now making. According to equity theory,you can be predicted to:

Accepted Answer

According to equity theory, individuals compare their inputs and outcomes to those of others and will be motivated to reduce any perceived inequity. In this case, the individual may feel underpaid compared to the recent college graduate and may respond by reducing their effort or seeking other employment.

Question 7

According to JCM,the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people is:

Accepted Answer

Task significance refers to the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people. Choice A (task identity) refers to the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work, while choice B (autonomy) refers to the degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual performing the work, and choice C (skill variety) refers to the degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities and skills.

Question 8

Discuss distributive justice and procedural justice.Discuss how managers can use this information.

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Question 9

Describe the three relationships in Vroom's expectancy theory.

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Question 10

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the outcomes or distribution of resources, not the process used to determine those distributions. The process-related fairness is referred to as procedural justice.

Question 11

Which of the following describes autonomy according to JCM?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy according to JCM refers to the degree to which the job provides independence to the employee. The other options refer to different dimensions of job characteristics such as task identity, feedback, and skill variety.

Question 12

According to expectancy theory,when pay is based on factors such as having seniority,being cooperative or 'sucking up' to the boss,employees are likely to see the performance-reward relationship as strong and motivating.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that employees are motivated when they perceive a strong link between their performance and rewards. If rewards are based on factors unrelated to performance, such as seniority or favoritism, the perceived performance-reward relationship weakens, reducing motivation.

Question 13

The job characteristics model (JCM)includes all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The job characteristics model includes skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Role identity is not part of the JCM.

Question 14

Research on equity theory has shown that underpayment and overpayment tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory suggests that underpayment leads to feelings of dissatisfaction and efforts to increase outcomes, while overpayment may lead to guilt and efforts to increase inputs, resulting in different reactions.

Question 15

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice is specifically concerned with the fairness of the process or procedures used to make decisions, rather than the outcome or distribution of rewards themselves.

Question 16

In expectancy theory,the strength of a person's motivation to perform depends in part on how strongly he believes he can achieve what he attempts.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory proposes that motivation is based on three factors: expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (the belief that performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (the value placed on the outcomes). Strong belief in one's ability to achieve what they attempt would increase their expectancy, and thus their motivation.

Question 17

Tony,the owner of a small advertising firm has decided to increase the productivity of his company by increasing the self-efficacy of his staff.He has decided to use Bandura's self-efficacy theory as a basis for doing this. If Tony started complimenting staff on the skills they had,he would be engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Verbal persuasion is the process of providing positive feedback or boosting morale by using positive affirmations, complimenting the skills of the employee, or providing constructive feedback. In this scenario, Tony is providing positive feedback to employees to increase their self-efficacy, which falls under the category of verbal persuasion. Enactive mastery refers to learning by doing, vicarious modelling refers to learning by observing others, and arousal refers to increasing motivation through stimulation or excitement. None of these options are applicable in the given scenario.

Question 18

Which of the following describes task identity according to JCM?

Accepted Answer

Task identity refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. This means that the employee is able to see the outcome of their work and can take pride in completing a specific task from start to finish. It is one of the five core job characteristics identified by JCM (Job Characteristics Model) that can lead to increased job satisfaction and motivation.

Question 19

You graduated from University two years ago and began working at Dingo Electronics.You have received good performance evaluations and a raise.You just found out that a recent college graduate with no experience has been hired for a similar position in another company at a higher salary than you are now making. In this example,your referent comparison for equity theory is termed:

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, the individual is comparing themselves to someone who is outside of their organization (i.e., the recent college graduate who was hired at a higher salary in another company). Therefore, the referent comparison for equity theory is other-outside (Choice C).

Question 20

Tony,the owner of a small advertising firm has decided to increase the productivity of his company by increasing the self-efficacy of his staff.He has decided to use Bandura's self-efficacy theory as a basis for doing this. If Tony wanted to encourage enactive mastery,he should:

Accepted Answer

Enactive mastery involves gaining relevant experience and practicing tasks to increase self-efficacy. Therefore, providing employees with opportunities to gain relevant experience is the best choice. Showing employees how tasks are done (A) may provide some guidance, but it does not necessarily increase self-efficacy. Encouraging interaction between employees (B) and giving employees positive feedback (D) can foster a positive work environment, but they do not directly increase self-efficacy through enactive mastery.

Quiz 7: Motivation: From Concept to Application