Question 1

_______________ ________________ from Streptomyces spp. binds to the sterols in fungal membranes, disrupting membrane permeability and causing leakage of cell constituents.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ ________________ from Streptomyces spp. binds to...

Question 2

Ampicillin, like penicillin, must be administered by injection because it is rapidly degraded in the stomach and cannot, therefore, be given orally.

Accepted Answer

Ampicillin can be administered orally because it is more stable in the stomach's acidic environment compared to penicillin, allowing it to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 3

Treatment of fungal infections is more difficult than treatment of bacterial infections because the greater metabolic similarity between the fungi and their hosts limits the ability of a drug to have a selective toxicity.

Accepted Answer

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that share more structural and metabolic similarities with their human hosts than bacteria do. This makes it challenging to develop drugs that can selectively target and kill fungi while not harming human cells.

Question 4

A neuraminidase inhibitor called __________ is sometimes used in the treatment of people infected with influenza viruses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A neuraminidase inhibitor called __________ is sometimes...

Question 5

Bacteria in biofilms or abscesses may be replicating very slowly and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy because many agents affect pathogens only if they are actively growing and dividing.

Accepted Answer

Bacteria in biofilms or abscesses can enter a slow-growing or dormant state, which makes them more resistant to chemotherapy. Many antibiotics and other chemotherapy agents target actively growing and dividing cells, so a slow-growing or dormant organism may be unaffected by these treatments.

Question 6

Which of the following is the major reason why it has been difficult to treat viral infections with chemotherapeutic agents?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require the metabolic machinery of their host to replicate, which limits the potential points of attack for chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, many antiviral drugs can also affect the host cells, leading to unwanted side effects.

Question 7

Most of the drugs used to treat protozoan infection have insignificant side effects; because protozoa are prokaryotes, the potential for drug action on host cells and tissues is less than it is when targeting bacteria.

Accepted Answer

Protozoa are eukaryotes, not prokaryotes. Therefore, drugs used to treat protozoan infections can have the potential to affect host cells and tissues, resulting in significant side effects.

Question 8

The chemotherapeutic agent must reach levels in the body that are ________ the pathogen's MIC value if it is going to be effective.

Accepted Answer

The chemotherapeutic agent needs to reach levels greater than the pathogen's MIC value to be effective in killing the pathogen. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is the lowest concentration of a drug that inhibits the growth of a particular pathogen. Therefore, if the drug level is lower than the MIC, it will not be effective in inhibiting the pathogen's growth.

Question 9

Which of the following is sometimes useful against viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Zidovudine, also known as AZT, is an antiviral medication that targets the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is useful in treating viral infections caused by retroviruses, such as HIV. The other options listed are antibiotics that are effective against bacterial infections and are not useful against viral infections.

Question 10

Metronidazole is used to treat Entamoeba infections.

Accepted Answer

Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal medication that is commonly used to treat amoebic infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It works by killing the parasites and reducing the symptoms of the infection.

Question 11

The treatment for pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS patients is

Accepted Answer

Both atovaquone and pentamidine are effective in treating pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS patients. The choice between the two depends on factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and any other medications they may be taking. Therefore, either atovaquone or pentamidine can be a suitable treatment for this condition, and the choice should be made by a healthcare provider based on individual patient factors.

Question 12

________ and ________ can be used to prevent influenza A infections, reducing the incidence of influenza by 50 to 70% in an exposed population.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ and ________ can be used to...

Question 13

Which of the following is normally treated by antifungal creams and solutions?

Accepted Answer

Antifungal creams and solutions are usually used to treat superficial mycoses, which are fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. Systemic mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and intramuscular mycoses require more aggressive treatment, such as oral or intravenous antifungal medication.

Question 14

The antiviral drugs currently approved for use in HIV disease include

Accepted Answer

All of the choices mentioned (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors) are currently approved for use in HIV disease as antiviral drugs.

Question 15

The concentration of an antimicrobial drug that is reached in the body will depend on

Accepted Answer

The concentration of an antimicrobial drug that is reached in the body will depend on all of the choices listed. The amount of drug administered and the route of administration and speed of uptake both determine the initial concentration in the body. The rate at which the drug is cleared or eliminated from the body directly affects the duration of action and the overall concentration over time. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the concentration of antimicrobial drugs in the body.

Question 16

________, which is used to treat Toxoplasma gondii, is an analog of ________, an integral component of the eukaryotic electron transport system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________, which is used to treat Toxoplasma...

Question 17

All of the following are reverse transcriptase inhibitors used to treat HIV infection except

Accepted Answer

Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes simplex virus infections, but it is not effective against HIV. The other answer choices, azidothymidine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, and didanosine, are all reverse transcriptase inhibitors used to treat HIV infection.

Question 18

A(n) __________ is a drug that blocks the function of a metabolic pathway.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) __________ is a drug that blocks...

Question 19

The antimicrobial action of artemisinin is not well understood but this chemical appears to

Accepted Answer

Artemisinin appears to form reactive oxygen intermediates inside Plasmodium-infected red blood cells, although the exact mechanism of antimicrobial action is still not well understood.

Question 20

Drugs are used to treat malaria include

Accepted Answer

Chloroquine and qualaquin are both commonly used drugs for the treatment of malaria. Metronidazole is not typically used to treat malaria.

Quiz 34: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

_ __ from Streptomyces spp. binds to the sterols in fungal membranes, disrupting membrane permeability and causing leakage of cell constituents.