Question 1

Being bicultural is linked to higher self-esteem among ______ adolescents.

Accepted Answer

The question states that being bicultural is linked to higher self-esteem among adolescents. The answer choices are either Asian American or Hispanic American or both. Therefore, the best choice based on the information given is D, which states that both Hispanic American and Asian American adolescents have higher self-esteem when they identify as bicultural.

Question 2

The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making changes in their behaviors and attitudes is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Acculturation is the process of adapting to a new culture by learning about it and making changes to one's own behaviors and attitudes to fit in with the dominant group. Actualization refers to the realization of one's full potential, congruence refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and ingratiation refers to attempting to gain favor or acceptance from others. None of these terms fully capture the process of cultural adaptation as described in the question.

Question 3

The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with ______ behavior in other animals.

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is associated with exploratory behavior in animals, as it plays a key role in the reward system of the brain, motivating animals to explore their environment.

Question 4

The researcher known for his development of "programmed learning" techniques for children is ______.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is well-known for his work in the field of behaviorism and his development of programmed learning techniques, particularly for children. Watson and Pavlov are also behaviorists, but their contributions were in the areas of classical and operant conditioning, respectively. Bandura is known for his work in social learning theory.

Question 5

Behavior modification techniques to help people with problems ranging from phobias, to substance abuse, to sexual dysfunctions, are based largely on learning principles developed by ______.

Accepted Answer

The behavior modification techniques are based on learning principles developed by B.F. Skinner, who is known for his work on operant conditioning and behaviorism. This approach emphasizes the importance of reinforcement and punishment in shaping and modifying behavior. Other psychologists, such as Arnold Lazarus, have also contributed to the development of behavior therapy techniques. Sigmund Freud and Aaron Beck, on the other hand, are associated with psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral approaches, respectively.

Question 6

Adler, Jung, and Erikson all believed that Freud had placed too much emphasis on sexuality.

Accepted Answer

Adler, Jung, and Erikson all criticized Freud for focusing too much on sexuality and its role in human development. They each developed their own theories that emphasized other factors, such as social relationships (Adler), the collective unconscious and spiritual aspirations (Jung), and psychosocial stages of development (Erikson).

Question 7

Among Latinos in the United States, higher levels of acculturation are associated with each of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Higher levels of acculturation among Latinos in the United States are generally associated with increased risks of developing psychological disorders, higher rates of sexual intercourse among teens, and increased risk of smoking among adolescents. However, the association between acculturation and higher levels of depression among Mexican Americans is not consistently supported by research, making it the exception.

Question 8

Most of the ego is unconscious.

Accepted Answer

The ego, according to Freud's model of the psyche, operates at both conscious and unconscious levels, but it is primarily associated with the conscious mind as it deals with reality testing and mediates between the desires of the id and the morals of the superego.

Question 9

Among immigrants, when comparing the self-esteem of those who are completely assimilated into the new culture, those who retain their old customs and never assimilate into the new culture, and those who become bicultural, keeping some traditions while also assimilating into the new culture, _____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that those who become bicultural, keeping some traditions while also assimilating into the new culture, have the highest self-esteem among these three groups of immigrants.

Question 10

Evidence indicates that ______.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that genes influence personality by creating a predisposition for certain personality traits to emerge. However, environmental factors also play a significant role in shaping personality. Therefore, while genetics may contribute to personality, they are not the sole determinant.

Question 11

In ______, a learner proceeds at her or his own pace to master a set of learning tasks, receiving reinforcement for completing each step in the series.

Accepted Answer

Programmed learning involves breaking down a set of learning tasks into small steps and allowing the learner to proceed at their own pace, receiving reinforcement for completing each step. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a natural response, cognitive dissonance training involves changing attitudes and beliefs by inducing discomfort or mental stress, and insight learning involves problem-solving through sudden comprehension.

Question 12

Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of development, each stage is characterized by a conflict that the child must resolve to progress successfully to the next stage.

Question 13

Chemicals in the nervous system that carry messages from one nerve cell to another are called ______.

Accepted Answer

Chemicals in the nervous system that carry messages from one nerve cell to another are called neurotransmitters. Hormones are chemicals released by the endocrine system that regulate various bodily functions. Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response in the body. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions.

Question 14

According to Sigmund Freud, fingernail biting and smoking are leftover signs of conflicts experienced during early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed that certain behaviors, such as fingernail biting and smoking, were unconscious expressions of unresolved conflicts and anxieties experienced during early childhood.

Question 15

Scientists believe that genes ______.

Accepted Answer

Scientists believe that genes create predispositions for certain personality traits and behaviors to emerge. This means that although genes may not directly control every aspect of personality, they can influence how certain traits develop and manifest in an individual. It is important to note that genetics is just one factor that contributes to personality, and environmental factors also play a significant role.

Question 16

The ego is driven by the pleasure principle.

Accepted Answer

The ego is driven by the reality principle, while the id is driven by the pleasure principle.

Question 17

Sigmund Freud was trained as a psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud was trained as a neurologist, not a psychologist.

Question 18

According to psychodynamic theory, the human mind is like a vast submerged iceberg, only the tip of which rises above the surface into awareness.

Accepted Answer

According to psychodynamic theory, the conscious mind is only the tip of the iceberg, with much of the mind and its workings being hidden in the unconscious.

Question 19

B. F. Skinner is most well-known to the literary community because of his book ______.

Accepted Answer

B. F. Skinner is best known for his book Walden II, which outlines his ideas on behaviorism and a utopian society based on his principles.

Question 20

Researchers have found that the trait of novelty-seeking is linked to the neurotransmitter ______.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that the trait of novelty-seeking is linked to the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with reward and motivation. Individuals with higher levels of dopamine tend to seek out novel and exciting experiences.

Quiz 2: Personality: What It Is, How Its Measured