Question 1

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Storage refers to the process of retaining information over time, while retrieval refers to the process of accessing that information when needed. Encoding refers to the initial process of acquiring information and transforming it into a form that can be stored, while priming refers to the process of activating related concepts in memory, making them more accessible for retrieval.

Question 2

Approximately,5 to 9 meaningful pieces of information is the capacity of _____________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is limited in capacity, generally holding 5-9 pieces of information at a time. Episodic and procedural memory refer to specific types of long-term memory, and sensory memory refers to very brief and temporary storage of sensory information.

Question 3

Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions such as problem solving.Based on this belief,these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as working memory because they believe it is an active system that processes different types of information simultaneously and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Procedural memory refers to the long-term memory system that stores information about how to perform skills or procedures, echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that stores auditory information, and semantic memory is the long-term memory system that stores our knowledge about the world and language.

Question 4

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of:

Accepted Answer

The iconic store and echoic store are both part of sensory memory, which is the first stage of the memory process. They are responsible for briefly storing visual and auditory information respectively before it is either forgotten or transferred to short-term memory.

Question 5

Individual items to be recalled are grouped into larger units of meaning in a memory process called:

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of grouping individual items into larger units of meaning, which can improve memory retention and retrieval. Grouping items based on their similarity, category, or relevance can create more meaningful and manageable chunks that can be encoded and recalled more easily. Grouping can also aid in the elaboration of material by connecting it with existing knowledge and schemas. Encoding refers to the initial processing of information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 6

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by:

Accepted Answer

George Sperling's experiment involved briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall. This was done to assess the duration of iconic memory, which refers to the brief sensory memory for visual stimuli.

Question 7

You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer.You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want.It appears on the screen of your monitor.Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory,this example is most similar to:

Accepted Answer

The process of searching and finding the essay on the computer's hard drive is similar to the process of retrieval in human memory. Retrieval refers to the process of accessing information that has been previously stored and is needed at a later time. In this case, the essay was previously stored on the hard drive and the individual is retrieving it for further use.

Question 8

George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each)and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen.Under these conditions,people typically recalled:

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiment involved presenting a large amount of information (12 letters) in a short amount of time, which can lead to sensory overload and difficulty recalling all of the information. However, studies have shown that people can typically recall 3 to 5 letters from such an array in a short period of time.

Question 9

Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for briefly storing incoming sensory information in its original form (visual or auditory) before it is processed further. This type of memory is very brief and lasts for only a fraction of a second.

Question 10

Another name for short-term memory is:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is also known as working memory, as it involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information. Other types of memory include procedural memory (memory for how to do things, such as riding a bike) and declarative memory (memory for facts and events), which are distinct from short-term memory. Iconic memory refers specifically to visual sensory memory.

Question 11

With regard to human memory,the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called:

Accepted Answer

The process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called encoding. Retrieval refers to the process of accessing stored information, storage refers to the process of maintaining information over time, and priming refers to the process by which exposure to a stimulus influences response to another stimulus.

Question 12

As you are reading this question,you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look.Instead,you are probably using phonological encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and then you think about their meaning and utilize ____________ encoding.

Accepted Answer

After using phonological encoding, one thinks about the meaning and utilizes semantic encoding to understand the words.

Question 13

Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory as "working" memory because they believe that it functions similar to a(n):

Accepted Answer

The answer of Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory...

Question 14

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n):

Accepted Answer

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both emphasized the idea of the brain as an information-processing system, which led to the metaphor of human memory as an information-processing system. This metaphor suggests that memories are encoded, stored, and retrieved using similar processes to those in a computer, such as encoding information into memory registers, storing it in long-term memory banks, and retrieving it when needed. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 15

According to the three-stage model of memory,when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember,the child is relying on his ____________.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of the three-stage model of memory is sensory memory, which involves briefly retaining sensory information (such as what the child saw on the tray of toys). Therefore, the child is relying on his sensory memory when trying to recall the toys.

Question 16

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as:

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized, such as the visual or auditory information that we briefly retain after seeing or hearing something. Working memory is the system that temporarily holds and manipulates information in the service of cognitive tasks, while long-term memory is the component of memory that stores information for later retrieval. Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and events. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 17

Prior to transferring information to long-term memory,both elaborative and maintenance rehearsal keep information active in __________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative and maintenance rehearsal both aid in keeping information active in short-term memory, which is where information is temporarily stored before being transferred to long-term memory. Sensory memory is the very brief initial stage of memory processing for incoming sensory information, while visual memory specifically refers to the ability to remember visual information. Long-term memory is the final stage of memory processing where information is stored for an extended period of time.

Question 18

big,huge,broad,long,tall.When presented with these two lists,research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1,which suggests that an important role in short-term memory is played by ____________ encoding.

Accepted Answer

Phonological encoding refers to the process of encoding information based on its sound. In this case, the words in List 1 all have similar phonological features, as they are all one-syllable words ending in a voiced consonant sound. This makes it more difficult to accurately remember them in short-term memory, as they may become jumbled or confused with one another. Therefore, phonological encoding plays an important role in short-term memory.

Question 19

If you are using a computer,the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand.This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?

Accepted Answer

The process of translating keystrokes into an electrical code that the computer can understand is most similar to the memory construct of encoding, which involves taking in information and converting it into a form that can be stored and later retrieved.

Question 20

Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is:

Accepted Answer

Research on iconic memory has consistently shown that it lasts for only a fraction of a second, typically around 250 milliseconds.

Quiz 8: Memory