Question 1

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

Accepted Answer

Japanese education places a strong emphasis on hard work and effort, and this extends to mathematics education as well. Students are taught that success in mathematics comes not from innate ability, but from practice and effort.

Question 2

Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Contextual intelligence is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which refers to the ability to understand and adapt to different environmental situations. The other two components are analytical intelligence (ability to analyze and solve problems) and practical intelligence (ability to apply knowledge in real-world situations). While metacognitive, cultural, and emotional intelligence are all important aspects of human cognition and behavior, they are not explicitly included in Sternberg's theory.

Question 3

People who are ________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.

Accepted Answer

Reflective thinkers are those who acknowledge the limitations of knowledge and understand that some judgments are more sound than others based on evidence and critical analysis. The other options are either not reflective or only partially reflective.

Question 4

Without _________, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Tacit knowledge is knowledge that is not easily transferred through verbal communication or written documentation. It is often acquired through direct experience or observation and is specific to the context in which it is gained. Therefore, contextual intelligence, or the ability to understand and analyze the unique characteristics of a particular situation, is crucial for acquiring and applying tacit knowledge. Componential intelligence (the ability to analyze and solve problems), experiential intelligence (the ability to learn from and adapt to new experiences), and metacognitive intelligence (the ability to reflect on and regulate one's own cognitive processes) may all be useful in the acquisition of tacit knowledge, but contextual intelligence is specifically necessary for navigating the particular environment in which the knowledge is gained.

Question 5

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the ability to monitor and control one's own cognitive processes. It involves the awareness and understanding of how one learns, thinks, and processes information. This includes knowledge of one's own strengths and weaknesses, as well as being able to regulate one's own learning and problem-solving strategies. Contextual intelligence is the ability to understand and manage complex situations, emotional intelligence involves the ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions and those of others, and tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to articulate or codify.

Question 6

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

Accepted Answer

Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her to use an algorithm, which is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem, in this case, following the recipe exactly to achieve good results.

Question 7

Research on animals and language indicates that:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that while some animals, such as dolphins and bonobos, are able to communicate through vocalizations, they do not have the same natural ability to express and comprehend an infinite number of novel utterances as humans do. This ability is thought to be unique to human language. Nonhuman animals may demonstrate human-like abilities when taught to communicate, but this is not the same as having a language of their own.

Question 8

________ thinkers generally assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities.

Accepted Answer

Prereflective thinkers rely on their senses or authorities to obtain knowledge and believe that there is always a correct answer that can be discovered. They have not yet engaged in critical thinking or reflection on their assumptions and beliefs.

Question 9

_______________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Contextual intelligence refers to the ability to apply knowledge and skills to real-world situations and adapt to changing environments. It involves understanding the context in which a problem or task exists and using this knowledge to make decisions and solve problems effectively. This type of intelligence is often associated with successful leadership and problem-solving skills.

Question 10

Informal reasoning involves:

Accepted Answer

Informal reasoning involves using one's own experiences, beliefs, and opinions to make decisions or solve problems. This often involves dialectical reasoning, which involves considering multiple perspectives and assessing their strengths and weaknesses. Informal reasoning is contrasted with formal reasoning, which involves following specific rules or algorithms to arrive at a correct answer. Nonconscious responding is not a characteristic of informal reasoning.

Question 11

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious...

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Formal reasoning involves a clear specification of information required to draw a conclusion or reach a solution. Option B refers to informal reasoning, while option C is a high-level mode of reasoning used to investigate a contradictory thesis. Option D refers to informal problem-solving techniques.

Question 13

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Accepted Answer

Anthropomorphism is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings, such as animals or objects. This can include ascribing emotions, motivations, and behaviors that are typically associated with humans to non-human entities.

Question 14

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses. This can lead to ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts one's beliefs and can impair decision-making and problem-solving abilities.

Question 15

________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in animals in their natural environments. Psychometrics is a field that focuses on measuring psychological traits and abilities through standardized tests. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify underlying factors or dimensions in a set of data. Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes. None of these options fit the description of studying animal cognition in natural environments except for cognitive ethology.

Question 16

________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

Accepted Answer

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognize and manage our own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. It involves four key components: identifying emotions, using emotions to facilitate thinking, understanding emotions, and managing emotions.

Question 17

Who among the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a conflict between beliefs or behaviors that causes discomfort. The smoker in this situation already knows smoking causes lung cancer but continues to smoke, creating a conflict between the belief and the behavior. The other options do not necessarily involve a conflict or discomfort between beliefs and behaviors.

Question 18

A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive schema is a mental framework that organizes information about a particular topic or aspect of the world. It includes knowledge, beliefs, and expectations, and helps individuals to understand and interpret new information related to that topic. Propositions are statements that express knowledge or beliefs, cognitive heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make judgments or decisions, and prototypes are idealized representations of a category or concept.

Question 19

_______ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

Accepted Answer

A mental set is a tendency to approach a problem with a particular mindset or strategy that has worked in the past, even if it may not be the most effective for the current problem at hand.

Question 20

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

Accepted Answer

A proposition is a unit of meaning that expresses a single idea or a declarative statement. Proposals are made up of concepts and can be true or false. A prototype represents a typical example of a concept, a mental image is a representation of sensory experience in the mind, and a cognitive schema is a network of knowledge about a concept. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence