Question 1

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

Accepted Answer

SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) is a type of depression that usually occurs during the winter months when there is less natural sunlight. It is also known as winter depression. SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) is a part of the brain that controls the body's circadian rhythm. PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is a group of symptoms that occur in women before their menstrual cycle. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams. None of these options are related to depression occurring in the winter months.

Question 2

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs primarily produce their effects by acting on neurotransmitters in the brain. Hormones and the autonomic nervous system may also be affected, but they are not the primary targets of these drugs. The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating many different bodily functions, but it is not specifically targeted by psychoactive drugs.

Question 3

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

Accepted Answer

A biological rhythm refers to a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism, such as the circadian rhythm, which is the 24-hour cycle that regulates many of our bodily processes.

Question 4

_______________ is the increased resistance to a drug's effects accompanying continued use.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the increased resistance to a drug's effects that occurs with continued use. This means that a person needs more of the drug to achieve the same effect as when they first started using it. Withdrawal refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a drug is discontinued, while intoxication is the state of being under the influence of a drug or alcohol. Reuptake refers to the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron after being released into the synapse.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of opiates?

Accepted Answer

Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, can cause an intense emotional rush or euphoria. They are not derived from the hemp plant and can lead to overdose and death. Opiate abuse does not typically result in cirrhosis of the liver, but can lead to other health issues such as respiratory depression and addiction.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth. While some people believe that hypnosis can be used to make someone do something against their will or produce age regression, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims. Similarly, while hypnosis may be able to help someone recall memories, it does not necessarily increase the accuracy of those memories.

Question 7

"Mental set" refers to:

Accepted Answer

Mental set refers to a person's expectations, beliefs, and attitudes about a drug's effects. It can influence how a person experiences the drug, as their mindset can affect their perception of its effects.

Question 8

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

Accepted Answer

Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm, with the lowest temperature occurring in the early morning hours and the highest temperature occurring in the evening. This rhythm is regulated by the body's internal clock, which is influenced by external cues such as light and dark. The other options, such as bird migration, the menstrual cycle, and daydreaming, may be influenced by circadian rhythms or other biological processes, but they do not specifically follow a circadian rhythm on their own.

Question 9

_______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death when taken in large doses.

Accepted Answer

Stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can cause convulsions, heart failure, and even death when taken in large doses. Depressant drugs, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines, can also be dangerous in large doses, but their effects are not usually characterized by convulsions. Opiates can cause fatal overdoses, but this is usually due to respiratory depression rather than convulsions or heart failure. Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin, are generally not considered to be physically dangerous in terms of causing convulsions, heart failure, or death.

Question 10

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle. It is responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles and is often used as a sleep aid. The production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.

Question 11

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

Accepted Answer

The cycle of REM and non-REM sleep recurs about every 90 minutes. This cycle becomes longer throughout the night, with REM sleep periods increasing in duration and non-REM stages 3 and 4 (or deep sleep) becoming shorter.

Question 12

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which a person experiences sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day that can occur unpredictably and irresistibly.

Question 13

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, which regulates the body's biological clock, is located in the hypothalamus.

Question 14

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Irritability and depression are not as strongly linked to the menstrual cycle as the other symptoms.

Question 15

Delta waves occur during:

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are slow brain waves with a frequency of 0.5 to 3 Hz that occur during stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. They are characterized by high amplitude and are associated with deep sleep, restorative functions, and the release of growth hormone.

Question 16

The _______________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive theory of dreaming maintains that dreaming is a natural outgrowth of the cognitive processing that occurs during waking hours. According to this theory, dreams reflect and consolidate the same cognitive processes that occur during daytime thinking, including perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. This theory is supported by research showing that dreaming involves neural activation in the same brain regions that are active during waking cognition.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

In the state of hypnosis, a person is still aware of their surroundings and able to resist suggestions that go against their morals or values. Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will. While hypnosis can be used to enhance memory, it does not necessarily increase accuracy. While some people report being able to do things under hypnosis that they could not do otherwise, this is often due to a combination of suggestion and the removal of inhibitions, rather than any actual increase in physical or mental ability. The likelihood of being hypnotized depends on a variety of factors, including suggestibility and trust in the hypnotist, rather than just the skill of the hypnotist. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 18

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The deeper stages of NREM sleep (stages 3 and 4) are characterized by slow brain waves called delta waves.

Question 19

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep, leading to interrupted and poor-quality sleep. Narcolepsy involves sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep, while insomnia involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Internal desynchrony refers to a mismatch between an individual's sleep-wake cycle and the external environment, such as when someone experiences jet lag.

Question 20

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming, proposed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that dreams are a manifestation of our deepest desires and anxieties, often relating to repressed childhood memories or wishes. This theory, while influential, lacks convincing empirical support compared to more modern theories that have been tested with scientific methods.

Quiz 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States