Question 1

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming, proposed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that dreams are a manifestation of our deepest desires and anxieties, often relating to repressed childhood memories or wishes. This theory, while influential, lacks convincing empirical support, as its concepts are difficult to scientifically test or measure.

Question 2

Narcolepsy sometimes involves:

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy involves unpredictable attacks of muscle paralysis, known as cataplexy.

Question 3

According to Sigmund Freud:

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams were the "royal road" to the unconscious, meaning that they revealed subconscious thoughts and desires. He developed the idea of dream analysis as a way to uncover these hidden meanings.

Question 4

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which:

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.

Question 5

The _______________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts and conflicts.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic dream theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that dreams are a reflection of unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. Freud believed that dreams allowed an individual to express and fulfill their repressed desires and motives that they may not be able to do so in waking life.

Question 6

People are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are conscious during _______________.

Accepted Answer

Lucid dreams are a type of dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming and can often control the dream. It occurs during REM sleep but not all dreams during REM sleep are lucid. Slow-wave sleep and latent dreams do not involve consciousness or awareness of the dream state.

Question 7

The ______________ dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express ongoing concerns of waking life.

Accepted Answer

The problem-focused dream theory argues that dreaming serves a functional purpose, specifically allowing individuals to work through and gain insight into ongoing concerns or problems from waking life.

Question 8

The problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.

Question 9

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that:

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming, developed by Sigmund Freud, proposes that dreams are the expressions of our unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. According to this theory, dreams are a way for our unconscious mind to communicate with our conscious mind. It emphasizes that dreams have a purpose, and that purpose is to provide a release for repressed urges and desires.

Question 10

Why might studying all night for an exam the next day be a bad approach?

Accepted Answer

Studies indicate that getting a good night's sleep after learning can improve memory performance. Therefore, studying all night and depriving oneself of sleep may actually hinder performance on the exam.

Question 11

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Hundt points out that a weakness of the __________ approach to dreaming is that there are no reliable rules that exist for interpreting the supposedly latent content of dreams and no objective way of determining whether an interpretation is correct.

Accepted Answer

This weakness is specific to the psychoanalytic approach, which places great emphasis on uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires in the latent content of dreams through interpretation. This approach was popularized by Sigmund Freud and his followers, but has since been criticized for its lack of empirical support and reliance on subjective interpretation. The other approaches mentioned do not focus as heavily on latent content interpretation.

Question 12

Who said that sometimes "a cigar is only a cigar"?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the one who is famously attributed with saying "sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar". This quote is used to suggest that sometimes things are exactly what they appear to be and do not require further interpretation or analysis.

Question 13

_______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime sleepiness or attacks of the paralysis commonly associated with REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and unpredictable daytime sleepiness or attacks of the paralysis commonly associated with REM sleep. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep, while insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep. REM behavior disorder involves acting out vivid and sometimes violent dreams during REM sleep.

Question 14

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stops and starts breathing many times during a night's sleep, resulting in disrupted and poor quality sleep. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep, while insomnia is a disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Internal desynchrony refers to a misalignment between an individual's internal circadian rhythms and the external cues that regulate them, such as light and dark cycles.

Question 15

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived. Which of the following symptoms is Jennifer at the greatest risk of developing?

Accepted Answer

Chronic sleep deprivation has been shown to cause deficits in cognitive flexibility and creativity. This is because sleep plays a crucial role in consolidating memories and promoting neural plasticity, which are both necessary for creative thought and adaptive problem-solving. While anxiety and despair can also be symptoms of sleep deprivation, they are not necessarily the "greatest risk" and may be present in individuals who are not chronically sleep deprived. Loss of appetite is also a possible symptom of sleep deprivation, but it is not directly related to cognitive functioning. There is evidence to suggest that sleep deprivation can increase levels of cortisol, not reduce them, and this can contribute to negative health outcomes over time.

Question 16

Kyle and Yoko spent the same amount of time studying for a big exam. Kyle slept between studying and taking the exam, whereas Yoko did not. All other things being equal, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that sleep after learning can strengthen memories, making them easier to recall later. Therefore, Kyle may have an advantage over Yoko since he slept after studying.

Question 17

When Larry was a teenager, he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day, even though he was getting enough sleep each night. He also would experience sudden "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity. Larry suffers from:

Accepted Answer

Larry's symptoms are classic signs of narcolepsy, which is a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy often experience sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day and may fall asleep unexpectedly or at inappropriate times. They may also experience other symptoms such as cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle control), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations. Sleep apnea and insomnia are sleep disorders that involve difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting enough quality sleep, but they do not typically involve sudden attacks of sleepiness or collapse. REM behavior disorder (RBD) involves acting out dreams during REM sleep, but it does not typically involve excessive daytime sleepiness.

Question 18

Many researchers believe that sleep is necessary for _______________, a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

Accepted Answer

Sleep is necessary for consolidation, a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable. During sleep, the brain replays memories from the day and strengthens the connections between neurons involved in memory storage. This consolidation process is crucial for the long-term retention of information. Reinforcement, encoding, and preservation are not specifically related to the process of memory consolidation during sleep.

Question 19

Ernie's muscles are not paralyzed when he is dreaming. As a result, he literally acts out his dreams, sometimes injuring himself in the process. Ernie appears to suffer from:

Accepted Answer

Ernie's symptoms match with REM behavior disorder, where muscle paralysis during REM sleep is absent, leading to acting out dreams.

Question 20

Who said that dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious"?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, said that dreams were the "royal road to the unconscious." He believed that dreams could reveal unconscious desires and conflicts that were repressed in waking life.

Quiz 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States