Question 1

Mrs. Raymonds is a 24-year-old patient who has presented for a routine concern over her current weight. In your patient teaching with her, you explain the importance of macronutrients. Which of the following is a macronutrient?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are referred to as macronutrients because they are required in large amounts. Iron, thiamine, and calcium are minerals.

Question 2

When using rule of thumb estimates of energy needs of healthy adults, how many kcal/kg are required to maintain the individual's current weight?

Accepted Answer

The requirement for weight maintenance is 30 kcal/kg.

Question 3

In counseling a client regarding nutrition education, you explain that linoleic acid, a major fatty acid, is thought to be essential for:

Accepted Answer

Linoleic acid, found abundantly in milk and dairy fats, is required for normal growth and development. Recently, it has been suggested that it can reduce body fat in overweight persons, as well as having cancer-fighting properties. Carbohydrates provide for glycogen storage and energy for myocardial cell function. Proteins are essential for building and maintaining tissues.

Question 4

Ms. A's major risk factor for developing an eating disorder is having:

Accepted Answer

A major risk factor for an eating disorder is having a family history of eating disorders, especially in a first-degree relative.

Question 5

Which of the following is the most accurate reflection of an individual's food intake?

Accepted Answer

The food diary is a record of intake as it happens, making this method the most accurate reflection of an individual's food intake.

Question 6

Which age group requires the highest percentage of dietary fat intake?

Accepted Answer

Before 2 years of age, fat intake may reach 35% to 40% of calories. Children between 2 and 10 require 25% to 35% of calories. Adolescents require 25% to 35% of calories. Older adults require 25% to 35% of calories.

Question 7

Mr. Jones is a 45-year-old patient who presents for a physical examination. On examination, you note costochondral beading, an enlarged skull, and bowed legs and diagnose him with rickets. A deficiency of which fat-soluble micronutrient can result in rickets?

Accepted Answer

Diets deficient in vitamin D can cause rickets. Today, milk is fortified with vitamin D; therefore, rickets is seldom seen in the United States. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, dry eyes, and poor bone growth. Vitamin E deficiency causes hyporeflexia, retinal degeneration, and red cell hemolysis in malnourished infants. Vitamin K deficiency results in prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time, which are hemorrhagic manifestations.

Question 8

Under normal circumstances, how much water is lost daily by the body?

Accepted Answer

Under normal circumstances, approximately 2 to 2.5 liters of water is lost daily.

Question 9

Mrs. Hartzell is a 34-year-old patient who has presented for nutritional counseling because she is a vegetarian. Deficiency of which of the following is a concern in the vegetarian diet?

Accepted Answer

The nutrients that may be deficient in a vegetarian diet, if not carefully planned, include proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin B₁₂, and vitamin D.

Question 10

The largest proportion of total energy expenditure by the body occurs through:

Accepted Answer

Resting energy expenditure contributes the largest proportion of total energy expenditure by the body.

Question 11

Macronutrients are so named because they:

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are referred to as macronutrients because they are required in large amounts.

Question 12

Mrs. Wade is a 51-year-old patient who presents for a follow-up visit. In reviewing her nutritional history and diagnostic studies, you have diagnosed her with osteoporosis. Deficiency of which micronutrient is implicated in osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Ninety-nine percent of bone is composed of calcium. A deficiency in calcium would lead to osteoporosis. Phosphorus deficiency is rare. Iron deficiency results in pallor, lethargy, anorexia, and hypochromic microcytic anemia. Zinc deficiency results in decreased wound healing, hypogonadism, anemia, hair loss, diarrhea, and altered taste.

Question 13

Mrs. Webb is a 38-year-old patient who has been changing her lifestyle to eat in a healthy way and lose weight. During your health promotion education regarding her nutritional status, you explain the function of dietary protein as:

Accepted Answer

The major functions of proteins include building and maintaining tissues, regulating water and acid-base balance, and acting as precursors for enzymes, antibodies, and several hormones. Carbohydrates, not proteins, provide an energy source for the brain. Proteins do not participate in detoxifying metabolic pathways or synthesize and regulate hormones.

Question 14

A college student comes to the student health center complaining of difficulty in concentrating during class and while studying. The diet that would contribute to this problem is one that contains mostly:

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are the only source of fuel for the brain and central nervous system. A diet low in carbohydrates, such as a diet mostly of meat and fish, could affect brain function. Fruits and vegetables, sandwiches and diet drinks, and pasta and chicken have moderate levels of needed carbohydrates.

Question 15

Which of the following is the most vital nutrient?

Accepted Answer

Water is the most vital nutrient. A person can exist without food for several weeks but without water for only a few days.

Question 16

Mr. Williams, a 62-year-old patient, presents for a physical examination. You suspect a vitamin D deficiency. Which of the following assessment findings might lead the examiner to suspect vitamin D deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets, a disease manifested by spinal curvature and bowed legs. Night blindness and dry eyes result from vitamin A deficiency. Neuropathy and convulsions result from vitamin B₆ deficiency. Nausea and insomnia result from a biotin deficiency.

Question 17

Mr. Miles is a 45-year-old man who is being evaluated for obesity. Advising Mr. Miles to reduce which macronutrient will produce the greatest calorie reduction per gram?

Accepted Answer

Reducing fats will produce the greatest calorie reduction per gram. Carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 calories per gram, and fats supply 9 calories per gram.

Question 18

Ms. Otten is a 45-year-old patient who presents with a complaint of weight gain. Which medication is frequently associated with weight gain?

Accepted Answer

Medications that contribute to weight gain include steroids, oral contraceptives, antidepressants, and insulin.

Question 19

Mrs. Grace is a 58-year-old patient who has a diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Which B vitamin is deficient in patients with pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can result in pernicious anemia. Vitamin B₁ deficiency results in beriberi. Vitamin B₂ deficiency results in scaling skin, glossitis, and burning, itching, and sensitive eyes. Vitamin B₆ deficiency results in weak gait, irritability, neuropathy, and convulsions.

Question 20

The body handles excess carbohydrate ingestion by:

Accepted Answer

Excess carbohydrates, not used for fueling the body's demands, are stored in fatty tissues. The body does not handle excess carbohydrate ingestion by raising the metabolic rate or by enzyme degradation. Excess carbohydrate is not excreted; it is stored.

Quiz 7: Nutrition