Question 1

Mark is in charge of dividing up the Halloween candy with his brother Jack.Mark divides the candy unfairly,which causes Jack to take all the candy and throw it into the garbage.Jack's reaction MOST closely resembles results obtained in the:

Accepted Answer

In the ultimatum game, one person proposes a division of resources, and the other can accept or reject it. If rejected, both get nothing. Jack's reaction of throwing away the candy is similar to rejecting an unfair offer in the ultimatum game.

Question 2

Membership to groups minimizes the risks associated with:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Membership to groups minimizes the risks associated...

Question 3

The prisoner's dilemma is a metaphor for the:

Accepted Answer

The prisoner's dilemma is a classic example in game theory that explores the tension between individual and collective rationality. It shows that even if cooperation would be the best outcome for both parties involved, the self-interested strategy of not cooperating may seem more rational to both players. This metaphor demonstrates the potential costs and benefits of cooperation in everyday life.

Question 4

People in a mob situation are more likely to stray from their own moral values,illustrating the phenomenon of:

Accepted Answer

Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness and individual accountability that can occur in group situations where members feel anonymous and less identifiable. In a mob situation, individuals may feel anonymous and less identifiable, which can lead to a loss of self-awareness and individual accountability that can result in straying from their own moral values. Prejudice, diffusion of responsibility, and conformity may also play a role in mob behavior, but deindividuation is the most applicable option.

Question 5

One of the dangers of groupthink is the group's tendency to:

Accepted Answer

Groupthink can lead to a desire for consensus and harmony within a group, resulting in members suppressing their own opinions or doubts in order to maintain unity. This can cause the group to make a decision that is not the best one, but rather one that maintains the status quo and avoids conflict.

Question 6

Research using the _____ is MOST closely related to consequences of behaving unfairly.

Accepted Answer

The ultimatum game is most closely related to studying the consequences of behaving unfairly, as it involves decisions on how to split a sum of money between two players, often highlighting reactions to unfair offers.

Question 7

Groups usually do NOT capitalize fully on the _____ of their members.

Accepted Answer

Groups often do not fully utilize the expertise and knowledge of their members.

Question 8

In the ultimatum game,one player has to divide a monetary prize into two parts and offer one part to a second player.What happens if the second player rejects her portion of the prize?

Accepted Answer

In the ultimatum game, if the second player rejects the offer, the game ends and neither player receives anything. This is designed to test fairness and decision-making in economic games.

Question 9

In the ultimatum game,a person who feels that she is being cheated by another player usually will:

Accepted Answer

In the ultimatum game, participants have a tendency to punish another player for perceived unfairness, even if it means forfeiting their own monetary prize. This is known as altruistic punishment, where individuals are willing to pay a cost to punish a transgressor for fairness and justice. Therefore, choice A is the best option as it aligns with the behavior observed in the ultimatum game.

Question 10

When groups get together for discussions,their decisions tend to be more extreme than any decisions any one member would have made alone.This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Group polarization is the tendency for group decision-making to result in more extreme decisions than individual decision-making. This is because group discussions often lead members to express and reinforce each other's initial leanings, creating a polarization effect. The other options - common knowledge effect, group relativity, and diffusion of responsibility - do not describe this phenomenon.

Question 11

Even when participants are assigned to completely meaningless groups,it is highly likely that they will exhibit:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of in-group favoritism suggests that even in meaningless group assignments, participants tend to show preference or favoritism towards members of their own group. This preference may manifest in different forms, such as allocating more resources, providing more opportunities, or awarding bonus points to their own group members. Therefore, choice C is the most likely outcome in such a situation. Group polarization (A) typically requires some shared beliefs or opinions that are reinforced within the group through discussion. Negative deindividuation (B) may occur in intergroup dynamics where members of different groups perceive each other as faceless or dehumanized entities. Reciprocal altruism (D) may also happen in intergroup dynamics, but it requires some degree of trust and cooperation between the parties involved. In the absence of any prior interaction, it is unlikely to observe reciprocal altruism within meaningless groups.

Question 12

Although Alexander is careful to treat all of his employees fairly,he secretly feels that those who graduated from his business school are more competent employees than are those who graduated from rival schools.This example illustrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates prejudice because Alexander has a biased belief that his employees from his own business school are more competent than those from other schools, despite having no evidence to support this bias.

Question 13

People are MOST likely to show:

Accepted Answer

In-group favouritism refers to the tendency of people to show preferential treatment to those who belong to their own social group. This is the most common form of bias, as people generally feel more comfortable around those whom they perceive to be similar to themselves.

Question 14

Evaluating other people positively or negatively based on their group membership illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to evaluations of individuals based solely on their group membership rather than their individual characteristics or actions. Discrimination involves actions rather than just evaluations. Group polarization refers to the tendency for group discussion to strengthen group members' initial attitudes, not necessarily evaluations of others. Hypothesis-confirming bias refers to the tendency to search for and interpret information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or expectations.

Question 15

In-group favouritism is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

In-group favouritism refers to the bias or preference given to members of one's own group over members of other groups. While it may not directly harm members of the out-group, it does create a positive bias towards one's own group, which can be seen as a form of positive prejudice.

Question 16

The decision to pay your taxes and hope that everyone else does likewise in order to achieve a common benefit is MOST closely related to the:

Accepted Answer

The decision to pay taxes is most closely related to the prisoner's dilemma, which is a classic example of a social dilemma where individuals are faced with a choice between cooperation and competition. In the prisoner's dilemma, two people are arrested and placed in separate cells, with no means of communicating with each other. Each prisoner is given the opportunity to either confess to the crime or remain silent. If both remain silent, they both receive a relatively light sentence. If both confess, they both receive a relatively heavy sentence. If one confesses and the other remains silent, the one who confesses receives a lighter sentence while the one who remains silent receives a heavier sentence. The optimal outcome (for both prisoners) is to remain silent, but each is likely to rat out the other in hopes of getting a lighter sentence. This concept is similar to the decision to pay taxes, where it is in the collective interest to pay taxes but individuals may be tempted to evade taxes in order to maximize their personal benefits.

Question 17

Shannon is a shy,quiet university student.However,when she sits in the student section at university basketball games,she cheers and yells whenever her team scores.Shannon's behaviour at the game BEST illustrates the phenomenon of:

Accepted Answer

Shannon's behavior of cheering and yelling in the student section at basketball games demonstrates deindividuation. Deindividuation occurs when individuals lose their sense of personal identity and feel less accountable for their actions when they are part of a group. In this case, Shannon is able to act in a way that is different from her typical shy and quiet behavior because she is in a large anonymous crowd where she is less likely to be singled out or held accountable for her actions.

Question 18

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share is known as:

Accepted Answer

The common knowledge effect refers to the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share, rather than discussing unique or specialized knowledge held by individual members. This can lead to a group decision that overlooks valuable perspectives or solutions.

Question 19

A _____ is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

Accepted Answer

While A, B, and D all may have relevance in identifying groups of people, the best answer is C (group) as it specifically denotes a collection of individuals who share a common characteristic or interest that sets them apart from others.

Question 20

After a big win,sports fans overturned cars and set fires in the street.A few people were apprehended,and they did not feel responsible for their behaviour because many others also participated.The thought process of the people arrested illustrates the phenomenon of:

Accepted Answer

Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations, which can lead to impulsive and irresponsible behavior.

Quiz 13: Social Psychology