Question 1

In personality research,identifying clusters of specific behaviours that are so highly associated with one another that they are assumed to be due to a single trait or basic dimension of personality is done through _____________.

Accepted Answer

Identifying clusters of specific behaviors that are highly associated with one another is done through factor analysis. Factor analysis is a statistical method that is used to identify underlying dimensions or factors from a larger set of variables, in this case, personality traits or behaviors. It helps to determine which specific behaviors or traits are most closely related and can be grouped together to create a single trait or dimension of personality.

Question 2

Research indicates that,in general,men in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more individualistic than are women's,while women in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more _________________ than are men's.

Accepted Answer

The statement indicates that men in Western cultures have self-concepts that are more individualistic, which suggests that they prioritize personal independence and achievement. In contrast, women in Western cultures are said to have self-concepts that are more collectivistic, indicating that they are more likely to prioritize social connectedness and relationships with others. Therefore, B (collectivistic) is the best choice to complete the sentence.

Question 3

Research examining gender differences in self-concepts suggest that the self-concepts of women are more ____________ than those of men.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that women tend to have more collectivistic self-concepts, which means that they view themselves in relation to others and emphasize their connection and relationships with others as important components of their identities. Men, on the other hand, tend to have more individualistic self-concepts, which means that they emphasize their personal attributes and achievements as defining components of their identity.

Question 4

Alan knows that no matter what his report card grades are,his parents will love him.He knows he is not always the most thoughtful son,but he has also recognized that his parents love him based not on his behaviour but on who he is.Rogers called this concept:

Accepted Answer

Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard refers to the idea that an individual's self-worth and value should not be based on conditions or contingencies, but rather on acceptance and love that are given regardless of behavior or performance. This describes Alan's parents' love for him, regardless of his grades or behavior.

Question 5

Studies have found that individuals often seek relationships with others who confirm their positive or negative views of themselves,so much so that when someone with a negative self-view marries a person who views them favourably,the person with the negative self-view will often withdraw from the marriage.This phenomenon is most consistent with the concept of:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is consistent with the concept of self-verification, which refers to the tendency for individuals to seek out relationships and experiences that confirm their self-concept, whether positive or negative. In this case, individuals with a negative self-view may seek partners who view them favourably, but when the partner's positive view conflicts with their negative self-view, they may withdraw from the relationship in order to maintain their self-verification.

Question 6

Margaret is prone to depression and physical illness.She lacks the tools needed to make herself feel better when she experiences a negative outcome or failure.Margaret most likely:

Accepted Answer

Margaret's tendency towards depression and physical illness, coupled with a lack of coping tools, suggests that she may have low self-esteem and see herself as ineffective. This negative self-view can lead to difficulty in managing setbacks and failures, resulting in a cycle of negativity and self-blame. Option A is not correct, as Margaret's struggles with negative outcomes suggest that she has experienced setbacks before. Option B may be beneficial for mental well-being, but alone is not enough to prevent depression and physical illness. Option D may be a possibility, but there is not enough information to support this answer.

Question 7

According to the text,much of the modern research on the self-concept owes its roots to the work of:

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers is a key figure in the development of humanistic psychology, which significantly influenced modern research on self-concept by emphasizing the importance of self-awareness and the individual's subjective experience.

Question 8

Within any given culture,specific information about gender-role socialization informs us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women.These are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Within any given culture,specific information about gender-role...

Question 9

The superego's "shoulds" in Freud's psychoanalytic theory are most similar to __________________ in Roger's humanistic theory.

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth in Roger's humanistic theory refer to the conditions that individuals must meet in order to maintain their positive self-regard, which is similar to the superego's "shoulds" in Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Both concepts involve external expectations and standards that individuals feel the need to live up to in order to maintain their sense of self-worth.

Question 10

Carl Rogers believed that conditions of worth can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience.

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth refer to the external standards and expectations placed on individuals, which can lead to a discrepancy between their true experiences and their self-perceptions. This discrepancy is known as incongruence, and it can cause negative consequences, such as low self-esteem, anxiety or depression. Therefore, the best answer is C - incongruence.

Question 11

People who tend to feel positive about themselves have been found to be happier,have fewer relationship difficulties,and reach higher achievement levels than people who feel more negative about themselves.These individuals have high _________.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem refers to a person's overall positive or negative self-evaluation. People with higher self-esteem tend to have a more positive outlook on life, better relationships, and higher achievement levels. Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations, self-verification refers to a person's desire to have others see them as they see themselves, and self-consistency refers to a person's desire to maintain a consistent self-concept. While these concepts may overlap, the best answer for this question is self-esteem.

Question 12

Josh believes that he is socially outgoing.He just met several new people,some of whom have told him that he seems to be a very social person (congruent feedback),while a few others have made comments to Josh that he seems to be quite shy and reserved (incongruent feedback).According to the construct of self-verification,how will Josh recall this feedback?

Accepted Answer

According to the construct of self-verification, individuals want to maintain their self-concept by seeking out and interpreting feedback that confirms their self-view. Therefore, Josh is likely to remember the feedback that is congruent with his self-view (i.e. that he is socially outgoing) better than the incongruent feedback (i.e. that he is shy and reserved).

Question 13

According to humanistic theory,a child who receives unconditional positive regard from her parents is likely to avoid the problems that are associated with ____________.

Accepted Answer

According to humanistic theory, conditions of worth are the conditions placed on children by parents, teachers, and society that require them to behave in specific ways to earn approval and acceptance. If a child receives unconditional positive regard from her parents, she is free to pursue her own desires and goals without being constrained by conditions of worth. This leads to a greater sense of self-acceptance and congruence, and avoids the problems that arise from trying to live up to external expectations. Therefore, the child is likely to avoid the problems that are associated with conditions of worth.

Question 14

Which of the following criticisms has been made against humanistic theories of personality?

Accepted Answer

One of the criticisms made against humanistic theories of personality is that they need to define some important constructs like self-actualization and self-transcendence, which may involve circular reasoning. Theories often use these constructs to explain behavior, but these constructs are defined in terms of the very behaviors they are trying to explain. This creates a problem of circular reasoning and lack of clarity in the theory.

Question 15

A person from a collectivistic culture would most likely mention which of the following when asked to list his or her important personal attributes?

Accepted Answer

In collectivistic cultures, people often define themselves in terms of their social roles and relationships rather than their individual traits or abilities. Saying "I am a student" reflects a social role within a community, aligning with the collectivistic emphasis on group identity over individual identity.

Question 16

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to:

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that self-enhancement is a basic human motivation that leads individuals to seek experiences and opportunities that promote their positive self-image. This includes seeking out positive feedback, engaging in activities that make them feel competent and successful, and avoiding situations that could challenge or threaten their self-esteem.

Question 17

When growing up,John's parents were uncomfortable every time that John happened to be sad.As a result,John now disapproves of his own sad feelings,even when they are appropriate.Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists would consider John's attitude towards his sad feelings as an example of:

Accepted Answer

John's disapproval of his own sad feelings is a result of his parents conditioning him to believe that being sad is not acceptable. This conditioning can be seen as a condition of worth, which is the belief that one's value as a person is based on meeting certain conditions or standards set by others. John's parents set the standard that being sad is not acceptable, and John now feels that he must meet this standard to be considered worthy.

Question 18

According to this perspective,personality is the result of the satisfaction of growth needs and the constant striving for self-actualization.This is the __________________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of individual growth and self-actualization in shaping personality. Other perspectives such as evolutionary psychology focus on genetic influences and sociocultural factors emphasize the impact of social norms and cultural values on personality development, while psychodynamic perspectives highlight the importance of unconscious conflicts and early experiences in shaping personality.

Question 19

Carl Rogers assumed that people have an innate need to receive love,sympathy,and acceptance from others,which he called:

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers coined the term "need for positive regard" to describe the innate desire in every person to be loved, accepted, and valued by others. This need for positive regard is fundamental to human functioning and is essential for emotional well-being. It also forms the basis for the development of a positive self-concept.

Question 20

A lack of consistent guidelines and punishment as well as a loss of love for misbehaviour were both mentioned as factors that can contribute to the development of low ____________ in children.

Accepted Answer

Low self-esteem is often developed in children who do not receive consistent guidelines and punishment, as well as a lack of love for misbehavior. Without these boundaries and positive reinforcement, children may struggle to develop a strong sense of self-worth and confidence.

Quiz 14: Personality