Question 1

The frustration-aggression hypothesis asserted that frustration inevitably leads to aggression and all aggression is the result of frustration.Subsequent research has revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Subsequent research has shown that the relationship between frustration and aggression is not as direct as the frustration-aggression hypothesis initially suggested. While frustration can lead to aggression, it is not the only cause of aggression, nor does frustration always result in aggressive behavior. Other factors, such as social, environmental, and psychological variables, also play significant roles in the emergence of aggression.

Question 2

Which of the following brain regions is known to be involved in aggression?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is known to be involved in aggression. It contains several nuclei that are involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior, including the ventromedial hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, and the periaqueductal gray. These regions can influence the release of hormones and neurotransmitters that modulate aggression. The thalamus is involved in sensory processing, the hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation, and the pons is involved in regulating sleep and arousal.

Question 3

The results of Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment demonstrated how ___________ may increase aggression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The results of Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll"...

Question 4

Which of the following is least likely to be emphasized by a theorist taking a social view of aggressive behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A social view of aggressive behavior focuses on external influences like modeling and reinforcement, while vicarious discharge is more related to psychoanalytic theories.

Question 5

A man shows little or no reaction when other individuals provoke him.This continues for many years until finally one evening,he almost kills his neighbour after she unlocks the door to her apartment "too loudly." According to Megargee,this man would be said to have overcontrolled hostility and provides evidence most consistent with the __________ model of aggression.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic model of aggression, as proposed by Freud and later expanded by others like Megargee, suggests that aggression is an instinctual drive that can be repressed but may eventually manifest in explosive ways if overcontrolled. This model best explains the scenario where a man shows no reaction to provocation for years but then suddenly reacts violently to a minor trigger.

Question 6

All of the following were discussed as environmental factors that increase the likelihood of aggression EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following were discussed as...

Question 7

Studies have revealed that when identical and fraternal twins are compared,the identical twins are more similar in their _____________ behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies have revealed that when identical and...

Question 8

In both humans and animals,it appears that in acts of impulsive aggression,low levels of the neurotransmitter ___________ may play a role.

Accepted Answer

Low levels of serotonin have been shown to be correlated with impulsive aggressive behavior in both humans and animals. Serotonin is involved in the regulation of mood, emotion, and impulse control.

Question 9

To make it psychologically easier to aggress toward others,the aggressor may blame the victim for imagined wrongs and become convinced that the victim "deserves it." This type of cognition is known as a:

Accepted Answer

Self-justification is the act of rationalizing or justifying one's own behavior. In the case of aggression, the aggressor may blame the victim for imagined wrongs and convince themselves that the victim deserves to be treated in a harmful way, thus justifying their own aggressive behavior.

Question 10

According to Freud,performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces our tendency to aggress.This is the principle of ________________.

Accepted Answer

The principle of catharsis suggests that performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces our tendency to aggress. Choice A, repression, refers to the unconscious blocking of thoughts or memories. Choice B, cathexis, refers to the investment of psychic energy in an object, idea, or person. Choice C, fixation, refers to getting stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.

Question 11

Studies with animals have found that if conditions are arranged such that an animal is continually defeated in fights with other animals of the same species,it will become more submissive.This effect is increased if the animal is _________ when it suffers its first defeat.

Accepted Answer

If the animal is young when it suffers its first defeat, the effect of continually being defeated in fights with other animals will be increased. This is likely due to the fact that younger animals are more vulnerable and impressionable, and may be more impacted by the experience of repeated defeat.

Question 12

A study by Patterson et al.found that over 80 percent of aggressive behaviours were rewarding for the aggressor,a finding that clearly demonstrates that aggressive behaviour patterns are fostered by ___________.

Accepted Answer

The study found that aggressive behaviours were rewarding for the aggressor, indicating that they were being positively reinforced for their behaviour. Aversive punishment (C) and response cost punishment (D) involve negative consequences for the aggressor, which would not foster the behaviour. Modelling (A) may contribute to the development of aggressive behaviour patterns, but the study specifically focused on the reinforcement of such behaviours.

Question 13

All of the following were mentioned as ways that prosocial behaviour can be increased EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Decreasing social comparisons is not mentioned as a way to increase prosocial behavior. Instead, learning about the bystander effect, exposure to positive models, and mandatory volunteerism are known methods to encourage prosocial actions.

Question 14

The phenomenon of road rage is most likely caused by which of the following environmental factors that have been shown to increase aggression?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phenomenon of road rage is most...

Question 15

People are most likely to aggress against another person when they perceive that the other person's behaviour was:

Accepted Answer

People are most likely to aggress against another person when they perceive that the other person's behavior was intended and controllable, as this suggests a deliberate action to harm or disadvantage, triggering a stronger aggressive response.

Question 16

Jill blames a man for imagined wrongs that he has committed against her and views him in such a way that his human characteristics are de-emphasized.Both of these factors would best be considered as different types of self-justifications and make it more likely that Jill will ______________.

Accepted Answer

Jill's blaming and dehumanizing of the man are both forms of self-justification, which may lead to aggression as a way of resolving her feelings of anger and resentment towards him.

Question 17

All of the following were mentioned as cognitive factors that influence whether we respond aggressively to provocation EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Provocation is a situational factor, not a cognitive one. Cognitive factors like attribution of intentionality, the ability to regulate emotions, and empathy influence how we interpret and respond to situations, including whether we react aggressively.

Question 18

In his study of murders,Raine found that when murderers who had committed their crimes as a planned predatory act were compared to impulsive murderers,the impulsive murderers had ___________.

Accepted Answer

Raine's study found that impulsive murderers had lower frontal lobe activity compared to murderers who had committed planned predatory acts. This suggests that the prefrontal cortex, responsible for impulse control and decision making, may play a significant role in impulsive acts of violence.

Question 19

A person who argues that appropriately timed aggression likely served to help our ancestors compete for mates,food,and shelter and allowed them to defend themselves against attack is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

The argument that aggression may have served a functional purpose in our ancestors' survival and reproductive success is a central tenet of sociobiology. Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and psychoneurology do not typically focus on evolutionary explanations for behavior.

Question 20

Unprovoked aggressive acts that are designed to establish a dominance hierarchy among members of a particular species are called social aggression and are attributed to higher levels of __________.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is a hormone that is commonly associated with aggression and dominance behaviors in many species, including humans. Studies have shown that higher levels of testosterone are correlated with increased social aggression in animals, particularly during periods of competition for limited resources such as food, mating opportunities, or territory. In contrast, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters that can also affect behavior, but they are not as strongly linked to social aggression as testosterone.

Quiz 13: Behaviour in a Social Context