Question 1

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was

Accepted Answer

The US (Unconditioned Stimulus) in Pavlov's experiments was the presentation of food in the dog's mouth. This was the stimulus that naturally and automatically produced the unconditioned response of salivation from the dog. Through the process of classical conditioning, Pavlov was able to associate this food stimulus with a neutral stimulus (a bell tone) to eventually produce a conditioned response of salivation to the sound of the tone alone. Therefore, the food stimulus is what made the dogs salivate in Pavlov's experiments.

Question 2

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise.In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop...

Question 3

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail.The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

The answer of Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by...

Question 4

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone,the tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

Before the tone was paired with food, it did not elicit a salivary response from the dog, so it was a neutral stimulus.

Question 5

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered...

Question 6

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child's learned fear at the sight...

Question 7

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food.In this case,the tone is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The tone was initially a neutral stimulus, but after it was regularly paired with the delivery of food, it became a conditioned stimulus that now elicits a response (salivation) on its own. A is incorrect because the unconditioned stimulus is the food, which naturally and automatically elicits the response of salivation. B is incorrect because there is no such thing as a primary stimulus in classical conditioning.

Question 8

In Pavlov's experiments,the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Pavlov's experiments,the sound of the tone...

Question 9

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Sweating in response to hot weather is an unconditioned response, as it is an automatic physiological response to a specific environmental stimulus.

Question 10

Which researcher first realized that certain "psychic secretions" pointed to a simple but important form of learning?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was the researcher who realized that certain "psychic secretions," specifically the salivation of dogs, pointed to a simple but important form of learning known as classical conditioning.

Question 11

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal.Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight.For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a

Accepted Answer

The lakeshore property initially had no response from Gavin (no salivation), so it was not a US. However, when the pictures were shown to him during a delicious meal, his mouth began to water with anticipation, making the lakeshore property a conditioned stimulus (CS). The drooling response that Gavin had during the tour of the property was the conditioned response (CR). The UR (unconditioned response) would have been the initial salivation response to the tasty meal before being shown the pictures.

Question 12

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is first established and gradually strengthened is called

Accepted Answer

The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is first established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition. This occurs as the light is repeatedly paired with electric shock, causing the flatworm to learn to associate the light with the shock and therefore learn to contract its body in response to the light. Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, generalization refers to the extension of a learned response to similar stimuli, and spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time.

Question 13

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the upcoming appearance of the ________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after it reliably signals the upcoming appearance of an unconditioned stimulus (US). Therefore, the correct answer is C, where the CS (formerly NS) signals the upcoming appearance of the US. Option A, where the US becomes the CS, is incorrect because the order of conditioning is from NS to CS. Options B and D involve the unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR) but do not address the question of when the NS becomes a CS.

Question 14

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

Accepted Answer

This is because the light needs to be closely paired with the food in order for a strong association to form between the two stimuli. Waiting too long (choice A) or presenting the light after the food (choice D) may decrease the strength of the association, while presenting them at the exact same time (choice C) may not allow for the dog to distinguish between the two stimuli. Half a second before the food (Choice B) allows for a close pairing without overlapping the two stimuli.

Question 15

Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung,Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound.At that time,the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)

Accepted Answer

The sound of the buzzing bee had no inherent meaning or association to Sara before she was stung, so it was a neutral stimulus.

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered...

Question 17

Three-year-old Jonathan saw fireworks that were repeatedly followed by loud,fear-producing explosive sounds.The mere sight of fireworks first began to trigger a learned fear reaction in Jonathan during the process of

Accepted Answer

The acquisition phase is when Jonathan initially learned to associate fireworks with loud, fear-producing sounds.

Question 18

Last year,Dr.Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of rabies vaccination shots.Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process by which a stimulus (in this case rubbing alcohol) becomes associated with a particular response (fear) through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (the painful injection) that already elicits that response. Over time, the conditioned stimulus (rubbing alcohol) begins to elicit the conditioned response (fear) even in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

In classical conditioning,a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not produce a response before it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.

Question 20

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus signals that ________ is about to occur.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. The conditioned stimulus signals that the unconditioned stimulus is about to occur, as it has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus through the process of conditioning. Therefore, option C, an unconditioned stimulus, is the best choice.

Quiz 6: Learning