Question 1

Jack and Robert have a communal relationship.When Jack asks for help or a favour,what is Robert most likely to think?

Accepted Answer

A communal relationship is characterized by the desire to support and help each other without keeping score or expecting something in return. Therefore, Robert is most likely to think that he cares about Jack and is happy to help him out.

Question 2

Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police,physical harm,the loss of valuable time.All of these factors are most likely to influence whether

Accepted Answer

The potential costs of helping are most likely to influence whether help is implemented or not. Encounters with the police, physical harm, and the loss of valuable time can all act as barriers to actually taking action to help someone in need. Thus, the decision to implement help is directly impacted by the potential costs involved.

Question 3

Contrary to support for the negative-state relief hypothesis,when people _______,they are less influenced by mood or other transient factors and more by _______.

Accepted Answer

When people know one another well, they are more influenced by the long-term rewards of helping rather than transient factors like mood, aligning with the idea that established relationships prioritize enduring benefits over temporary emotional states.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Latane and Darley's model of bystander decision making?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility is actually one of the steps in Latane and Darley's model of bystander decision making, where individuals may feel less responsible to intervene if there are more bystanders present. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Question 5

One powerful way parents can encourage prosocial behaviours in their children is to reward helping behaviour with praise and hugs.This statement is consistent with a _______ explanation for altruism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One powerful way parents can encourage prosocial...

Question 6

Lindsay wants to test if prosocial behaviour differs in urban and rural settings.After reading Chapter 10,she decides to replicate the lost letter procedure (Milgram,1969).Which of the following outcomes can Lindsay expect?

Accepted Answer

Milgram's lost letter experiment found that letters were more likely to be mailed in smaller towns than in larger cities, suggesting higher levels of prosocial behavior in less urbanized areas.

Question 7

Sheryl often helps Jessica,without any expectation that Jessica will return the favour soon.Sheryl and Jessica probably have a(n)_______ relationship.

Accepted Answer

A communal relationship involves individuals who are primarily concerned with the benefits of the group as a whole, rather than their own personal gains. In this scenario, Sheryl is helping Jessica without any expectation of receiving something in return soon, which suggests a communal relationship.

Question 8

A person in a communal relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _______ of helping,whereas someone in an exchange relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _______ of helping that individual.

Accepted Answer

In a communal relationship, helping is motivated by a desire to contribute to the well-being of the other person, which includes considering the long-term effects of helping. In an exchange relationship, helping is motivated by the expectation of receiving something in return, which includes considering the short-term effects or reciprocal benefits of helping.

Question 9

Your friend Ellen has come to you for advice about her four-year-old son.She says,"I don't know why he won't be nicer to his little sister.Every time he helps her dress,I buy him a new toy." You've just read Chapter 10.What would you say to Ellen?

Accepted Answer

This answer is the best choice because it addresses the possibility that the child's behavior may be motivated by the reward he receives, rather than genuine kindness towards his sister. Instead of rewarding him with toys every time he helps his sister, Ellen could try praising his behavior or finding other non-material rewards. This would help to promote more genuine empathy and kindness towards his sister. Punishing him or using religious stories may not be effective in this situation, and buying multiple toys could also continue to reinforce the idea that being kind to his sister is solely based on receiving rewards.

Question 10

On her first day of work in a new job,Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her,

Accepted Answer

The statement "I thought you learned that in training.Let me help you out." can come across as condescending and imply that Amy did not pay attention during training or is not competent enough to handle the task on her own. This could make Amy feel resentful. The other statements are more positive and offer help or support without criticism.

Question 11

According to the authors,providing _______ can lead to _______.

Accepted Answer

According to the authors, providing barely sufficient rewards for prosocial acts can lead to self-attributions as "kind" and "helpful." This is because individuals will not feel over-rewarded for their actions and will therefore not have their intrinsic motivation diminished by excessive extrinsic rewards.

Question 12

According to research supporting the overjustification effect ,if you want to encourage children to behave in prosocial ways toward each other,you should

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect suggests that external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. Commending children reinforces their intrinsic motivation to behave prosocially without relying on tangible rewards.

Question 13

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when

Accepted Answer

When the helper demonstrates superior skill, it can make the recipient feel incompetent, leading to a lower self-esteem.

Question 14

Helping in exchange relationships is based on _______,whereas helping in communal relationships is based on _______.

Accepted Answer

Helping in exchange relationships is based on the principle of equity, where individuals exchange benefits in a fair and balanced way. On the other hand, helping in communal relationships is based on the principle of need, where individuals provide help and support based on the other person's needs, without any expectation of an immediate return. Therefore, the best choice is C - equity; need.

Question 15

According to the authors,one powerful way to instill helpfulness in children is to

Accepted Answer

Rewarding prosocial acts with praise and hugs reinforces positive behavior and encourages children to continue being helpful.

Question 16

Ben and Jerry are coworkers in an exchange relationship.What is most likely to determine whether Ben agrees to lend Jerry $20?

Accepted Answer

In an exchange relationship, individuals engage in a give-and-take dynamic where resources and favors are exchanged. Therefore, the most important factor for Ben to consider when deciding whether to lend Jerry $20 is whether he believes he will be paid back. This reflects the basic principle of exchange relationships: individuals expect reciprocity and strive to maintain a balance in the give-and-take dynamic. The other options, such as A, B, D, and E, may have some influence, but they are not as significant as the expectation of reciprocity.

Question 17

In _______ relationships,partners are less concerned with _______ and more concerned with the welfare of the other partner.

Accepted Answer

In communal relationships, partners prioritize the welfare of their partner over equity issues. This is in contrast to exchange relationships where partners are more concerned with the costs and rewards of the relationship. Option A (exchange; costs) and option D (exchange; rewards) both refer to exchange relationships. Option E (communal; personal well-being) refers to an individual's well-being rather than the dynamics of the relationship. Option C (communal; equality issues) is not a valid term as communal relationships do not necessarily prioritize equality issues.

Question 18

Kyla is opposed to rewarding her children when they behave in prosocial ways with others.She asks you about some alternatives to tangible rewards.You've just read Chapter 10 (Prosocial Behaviour).What would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kyla is opposed to rewarding her children...

Question 19

In which situation are you least likely to stop and think before helping out the other person?

Accepted Answer

You are least likely to stop and think before helping your sister with her homework because family relationships often involve a sense of obligation and immediate willingness to assist without much deliberation.

Question 20

Alexis wants her son Bobby to grow up to be a prosocial adult.Research on the overjustification effect suggests that Alexis should

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect suggests that external rewards may lead individuals to question their internal motives for engaging in a behavior. In the case of promoting prosocial behavior in Bobby, giving him external rewards such as gifts or money for helping others may decrease his intrinsic motivation to help others. However, praising him for being a "helpful person" when he does help others is an acknowledgement of his positive behavior and can help him internalize his motivation to continue helping others.

Quiz 10: Prosocial Behaviour

Jack and Robert have a communal relationship.When Jack asks for help or a favour,what is Robert most likely to think?

Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police,physical harm,the loss of valuable time.All of these factors are most likely to influence whether

Contrary to support for the negative-state relief hypothesis,when people _,they are less influenced by mood or other transient factors and more by _.

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Latane and Darley's model of bystander decision making?

One powerful way parents can encourage prosocial behaviours in their children is to reward helping behaviour with praise and hugs.This statement is consistent with a _______ explanation for altruism.

Lindsay wants to test if prosocial behaviour differs in urban and rural settings.After reading Chapter 10,she decides to replicate the lost letter procedure (Milgram,1969) .Which of the following outcomes can Lindsay expect?

Sheryl often helps Jessica,without any expectation that Jessica will return the favour soon.Sheryl and Jessica probably have a(n) _______ relationship.

A person in a communal relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _ of helping,whereas someone in an exchange relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _ of helping that individual.

Your friend Ellen has come to you for advice about her four-year-old son.She says,"I don't know why he won't be nicer to his little sister.Every time he helps her dress,I buy him a new toy." You've just read Chapter 10.What would you say to Ellen?

On her first day of work in a new job,Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her,

According to the authors,providing _ can lead to _.

According to research supporting the overjustification effect ,if you want to encourage children to behave in prosocial ways toward each other,you should

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when

Helping in exchange relationships is based on _,whereas helping in communal relationships is based on _.

According to the authors,one powerful way to instill helpfulness in children is to

Ben and Jerry are coworkers in an exchange relationship.What is most likely to determine whether Ben agrees to lend Jerry $20?

In _ relationships,partners are less concerned with _ and more concerned with the welfare of the other partner.

Kyla is opposed to rewarding her children when they behave in prosocial ways with others.She asks you about some alternatives to tangible rewards.You've just read Chapter 10 (Prosocial Behaviour) .What would you suggest?

In which situation are you least likely to stop and think before helping out the other person?

Alexis wants her son Bobby to grow up to be a prosocial adult.Research on the overjustification effect suggests that Alexis should