Question 1

You have just undergone a three-week initiation process to become a member of a fraternity.During the initiation,you were made to do such things as shave your head,run naked through the cafeteria,and sing obnoxious fraternity songs during your classes.You now consider the fraternity the best thing that's ever happened to you and are convinced that your fraternity brothers are friends for lifE)Your attitude toward your fraternity is probably the result of

Accepted Answer

The attitude formed toward the fraternity is likely the result of justification of effort, which is the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, even if the thing itself is not inherently appealing. The difficult and humiliating initiation process required a significant amount of effort, thereby leading to an increased appreciation for the fraternity.

Question 2

According to results of dissonance studies,who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous,unconscionable,and unforgivable act?

Accepted Answer

According to the principle of cognitive dissonance, individuals experience discomfort or dissonance when their attitudes or beliefs do not match their actions. When Mark was tempted to lie but told the truth instead, he acted in accordance with his belief that lying is wrong. This will reduce the dissonance he would have experienced if he had lied. Therefore, Mark is more likely to believe that lying is a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act to reduce any cognitive dissonance he might experience.

Question 3

Researchers (Knox & Inkster,1968)visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses,both before and after they had placed their bets.They found that _______ were more confident in their betting decisions because _______.

Accepted Answer

The researchers found that people who had already placed their bets were more confident in their betting decisions because they couldn't change their minds. This suggests that once people have made a decision and committed to it, they become more confident in their choice.

Question 4

Judson Mills (1958)had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes.The children could cheat to win the prizes,but they didn't know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters.Some children cheated,and others did not.The next day,

Accepted Answer

The passage indicates that some children did cheat to win prizes, and the experimenter would detect the cheaters. The next day, those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 5

After filing your ballot for an election,you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate.This example illustrates the idea that when decisions are _______ individuals engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction.

Accepted Answer

When a decision is irrevocable, meaning it cannot be changed, individuals tend to engage in more dissonance reduction to justify and feel good about their decision. In this case, after filing the ballot, the decision cannot be changed and the individual feels the need to reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that they made the best choice.

Question 6

Based on MRI research on people who experienced and later resolved cognitive dissonance,what would you expect to happen to Mary,who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn't genetically predisposed to skin cancer,so it won't affect her?

Accepted Answer

Based on MRI research, when people reduce their dissonant feelings, they experience pleasant feelings. Mary has reduced her dissonant feelings by telling herself that she is not genetically predisposed to skin cancer, so it won't affect her. Therefore, she is likely to experience pleasant feelings.

Question 7

The authors of the text assert that research demonstrating that other animals experience dissonance and that it has a biological basis supports the idea that cognitive dissonance may have a(n)_________ origin.

Accepted Answer

The author mentions that research demonstrating dissonance in other animals with a biological basis supports the idea that cognitive dissonance may have an evolutionary origin. Therefore, the best choice is D (evolutionary).

Question 8

People who had already placed their $2 bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster,1968).These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not.

Accepted Answer

The findings suggest that decisions that are irrevocable (meaning cannot be changed or reversed) generate more cognitive dissonance as compared to decisions that are not. Once a person has placed their bet, they cannot undo it, which increases their confidence in their decision and reduces cognitive dissonance.

Question 9

In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour,people often cite something outside themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in that behaviour.This kind of explanation is known as

Accepted Answer

The kind of explanation where people cite something outside themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in dissonant behaviour is known as external justification.

Question 10

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction.After she leaves the clinic,she is _______ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was _______.

Accepted Answer

Janis's voluntary decision to undergo treatment suggests a strong motivation to recover, increasing the likelihood of success in staying off drugs. The fact that the recovery process was described as a "difficult ordeal" also implies that Janis was provided with a comprehensive and challenging treatment program, which may increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, it is likely that Janis will stay off drugs after leaving the clinic.

Question 11

Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behaviour,which of the following people would be most likely to be lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair?

Accepted Answer

The authors suggest that people who have engaged in immoral behavior may be more likely to be lenient in judging others who engage in immoral behavior due to cognitive dissonance – the discomfort that arises from a discrepancy between one's attitudes and their behavior. Jessie, who cheated on her husband, may be more likely to be lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair because of this phenomenon.

Question 12

The authors of your text present a study by Egan and his colleagues in which monkeys were given a choice between different colours of M&Ms.Later their preference for different colours of M&Ms was re-assesseD)The researchers found that

Accepted Answer

The study by Egan and colleagues demonstrated that monkeys exhibited post-decision dissonance, a psychological phenomenon where individuals justify their choices by increasing their preference for the selected option and decreasing their preference for the rejected ones.

Question 13

_______ refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.

Accepted Answer

Justification of effort, also known as the effort justification effect, refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain. This can occur because people want to justify the effort they put into obtaining the object or goal, or because they may feel that the object or goal must be valuable if they worked hard to attain it.

Question 14

Viswesvaran and Deshpande (1996)studied mid-level business managers in India.Some of these business managers were struggling with the question of whether to make unethical business decisions.Based on laboratory research on the effects of deciding to behave immorally,it is reasonable to predict that those managers who ________ would be most lenient about unethical practices a year later.

Accepted Answer

According to laboratory research on moral decision making, those who have already made an unethical decision are more likely to continue to make similar decisions in the future. Therefore, the business managers who made unethical decisions are likely to be more lenient about unethical practices a year later.

Question 15

Research in which participants' brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance the _________ areas of the brain decrease in activity,and when dissonance is resolved the __________ areas of the brain "light up."

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with reasoning and decision-making, decreases in activity when people experience dissonance. When dissonance is resolved, the emotional areas of the brain, such as the amygdala and insula, "light up." Therefore, option D correctly identifies the two areas of the brain involved in dissonance and its resolution.

Question 16

Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills (1959)performed an experiment in which college women were invited to join a discussion group about sex.In order to join the group,participants had to undergo either a severe initiation,a mild initiation,or no initiation.Which of the following best describes this study's findings? Women who underwent _______ initiation enjoyed the discussion the _______.

Accepted Answer

Women who underwent a severe initiation enjoyed the discussion the most. This is because of the effort justification paradigm, where individuals tend to assign greater value to outcomes they had to put more effort into achieving.

Question 17

Jill is a devout Catholic who believes that the use of birth control is wrong.However,Jill becomes involved in a relationship and together she and her partner decide to practice birth control.Jill will probably

Accepted Answer

Jill's personal experience with birth control may lead to a change in her attitude toward it, even if she previously believed it was wrong. Her decision to practice birth control with her partner indicates that she is willing to prioritize her personal beliefs over her religious ones, which could lead to a more positive attitude toward birth control.

Question 18

Your friend Jamie shows you the gift she bought for her mother's birthday.It's an atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel,with the saccharine words "My Mother's An Angel" sloppily lettered on the bottom.Jamie asks you what you think,and because her feelings are easily hurt,to spare her,you say,"It's wonderful! Maybe I'll get one for my mom!" In this case,you _______ experience dissonance because there is _______ justification for your action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend Jamie shows you the gift...

Question 19

You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal,but soon realize that the goal is not as exciting as you expected.You will probably

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is explained by cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that people tend to justify their efforts by exaggerating the positive aspects of their achievements, even if the outcomes are not as rewarding as expected. This helps reduce the dissonance between their expectations and reality.

Question 20

Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-n-roll concert performed by washed-up 50-something "has beens"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to enjoy a...

Quiz 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change

According to results of dissonance studies,who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous,unconscionable,and unforgivable act?

Researchers (Knox & Inkster,1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses,both before and after they had placed their bets.They found that _ were more confident in their betting decisions because _.

Judson Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes.The children could cheat to win the prizes,but they didn't know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters.Some children cheated,and others did not.The next day,

After filing your ballot for an election,you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate.This example illustrates the idea that when decisions are _______ individuals engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction.

Based on MRI research on people who experienced and later resolved cognitive dissonance,what would you expect to happen to Mary,who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn't genetically predisposed to skin cancer,so it won't affect her?

The authors of the text assert that research demonstrating that other animals experience dissonance and that it has a biological basis supports the idea that cognitive dissonance may have a(n) _________ origin.

People who had already placed their $2 bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster,1968) .These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not.

In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour,people often cite something outside themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in that behaviour.This kind of explanation is known as

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction.After she leaves the clinic,she is _ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was _.

Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behaviour,which of the following people would be most likely to be lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair?

The authors of your text present a study by Egan and his colleagues in which monkeys were given a choice between different colours of M&Ms.Later their preference for different colours of M&Ms was re-assesseD) The researchers found that

_______ refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.

Research in which participants' brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance the _ areas of the brain decrease in activity,and when dissonance is resolved the __ areas of the brain "light up."

Jill is a devout Catholic who believes that the use of birth control is wrong.However,Jill becomes involved in a relationship and together she and her partner decide to practice birth control.Jill will probably

You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal,but soon realize that the goal is not as exciting as you expected.You will probably

Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-n-roll concert performed by washed-up 50-something "has beens"?

Quiz 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change

According to results of dissonance studies,who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous,unconscionable,and unforgivable act?

Researchers (Knox & Inkster,1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses,both before and after they had placed their bets.They found that _______ were more confident in their betting decisions because _______.

Judson Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes.The children could cheat to win the prizes,but they didn't know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters.Some children cheated,and others did not.The next day,

After filing your ballot for an election,you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate.This example illustrates the idea that when decisions are _______ individuals engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction.

Based on MRI research on people who experienced and later resolved cognitive dissonance,what would you expect to happen to Mary,who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn't genetically predisposed to skin cancer,so it won't affect her?

The authors of the text assert that research demonstrating that other animals experience dissonance and that it has a biological basis supports the idea that cognitive dissonance may have a(n) _________ origin.

People who had already placed their $2 bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster,1968) .These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not.

In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour,people often cite something outside themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in that behaviour.This kind of explanation is known as

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction.After she leaves the clinic,she is _______ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was _______.

Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behaviour,which of the following people would be most likely to be lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair?

The authors of your text present a study by Egan and his colleagues in which monkeys were given a choice between different colours of M&Ms.Later their preference for different colours of M&Ms was re-assesseD) The researchers found that

_______ refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.

Research in which participants' brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance the _________ areas of the brain decrease in activity,and when dissonance is resolved the __________ areas of the brain "light up."

Jill is a devout Catholic who believes that the use of birth control is wrong.However,Jill becomes involved in a relationship and together she and her partner decide to practice birth control.Jill will probably

You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal,but soon realize that the goal is not as exciting as you expected.You will probably

Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-n-roll concert performed by washed-up 50-something "has beens"?

Researchers (Knox & Inkster,1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses,both before and after they had placed their bets.They found that _ were more confident in their betting decisions because _.

Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction.After she leaves the clinic,she is _ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was _.

Research in which participants' brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance the _ areas of the brain decrease in activity,and when dissonance is resolved the __ areas of the brain "light up."