Question 1

In times of tension,such as during an international crisis:

Accepted Answer

During times of tension, people tend to see the opposing side as the enemy and may simplify their views to create a more black-and-white picture of the situation. This can lead to a lack of understanding and communication, which can worsen the crisis.

Question 2

The fact that,in New York City,divorce rates dropped in the aftermath of 9/11 is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The drop in divorce rates after 9/11 suggests that the common external threat of the terrorist attacks increased cohesiveness and solidarity among couples. This is evidence that a common threat or crisis can bring people together and strengthen relationships.

Question 3

For Blacks,the most noticeable consequence of desegregated schooling is:

Accepted Answer

Desegregated schooling increases the likelihood of living and working in integrated settings, as students are exposed to a diverse group of peers and learn to navigate interracial relationships. This can lead to a more inclusive mindset and greater opportunities for Blacks in integrated environments. Short-term improvements in interracial relations and a more favorable self-image may also result, but the increased likelihood of attending primarily White colleges is not necessarily a direct consequence of desegregated schooling.

Question 4

When both sides of a conflict believe "we are peace-loving,they are hostile," each may treat the other in ways that ________ its expectations.

Accepted Answer

If each side believes that they are peace-loving and the other side is hostile, they are likely to interpret actions or words of the other side as confirming their own beliefs. This will lead to a cycle of each side treating the other in ways that confirm their beliefs, rather than denying or reducing them. Hence, option B (confirm) is the best choice.

Question 5

John believes that he is hardworking and his wife Rachel is lazy.Rachel believes that she is hardworking and John is lazy.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of mirror-image perceptions, where two people in a relationship have opposite and often inaccurate views of each other's behaviors and attitudes. John and Rachel each believe that they are hardworking while the other is lazy, highlighting the discrepancy in their perceptions of each other.

Question 6

In the context of misperception,which of the following is true of mirror-image perceptions?

Accepted Answer

Mirror-image perceptions are characterized by each side perceiving the other side as equally negative, hostile, and untrustworthy. In other words, both sides see themselves as the virtuous and innocent victim, and the other side as the evil and malevolent aggressor. Therefore, option A is true, as each side believes that the other is misperceiving them.

Question 7

Joshua and Brandon,a same-sex couple,have been legally married for two years.However,Joshua loses interest in Brandon and starts seeing someone else.He believes that Brandon is also not interested in their relationship as a couple.However,Brandon remains faithful to the vows he made to Joshu A.According to the studies conducted by Bronfenbrenner,which of the following is most likely exemplified by Joshua in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Mirror-image perception is the tendency to see oneself as similar to others, even when there is no objective evidence to support this belief. In this case, Joshua may believe that Brandon is also not interested in their relationship because he is not interested in it himself.

Question 8

For contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict,the interracial contact must:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that contact between members of different racial groups is most effective in reducing conflict when the individuals are of equal status. This allows for greater empathy and understanding to develop, as well as reducing feelings of threat and competition. The other choices are not supported by research and are likely to increase rather than decrease conflict.

Question 9

According to social psychologists' peacemaking strategies,which of the following is one of the four Cs of peacemaking?

Accepted Answer

The four Cs of peacemaking according to social psychologists are Contact, Cooperation, Communication, and Conciliation. Choice A is incorrect because competition can actually escalate conflict instead of resolving it. Choice B is incorrect because correction implies blame and can make the other party defensive. Choice D is incorrect because callousness is the opposite of empathy and understanding, which are important qualities for peacemaking. Therefore, the best choice is C, conciliation, which involves finding common ground and working towards a mutually beneficial solution.

Question 10

Through the use of ________,Muzafer Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends.

Accepted Answer

Muzafer Sherif used the concept of superordinate goals to bring together previously hostile boy campers. He gave them a common goal that required cooperation and collaboration, which led to the development of new friendships and reduced intergroup conflict.

Question 11

Surveys of nearly 4,000 Europeans revealed that an important factor in determining whether attitudes toward a minority group will become more favorable is whether:

Accepted Answer

The surveys revealed that having a friend who is a member of the minority group was an important factor in improving attitudes towards that group. This suggests that personal relationships and familiarity with members of the group can help break down stereotypes and increase empathy towards the group.

Question 12

Santiago is a Mexican student and Pierre is an Egyptian student in an exchange program.Both are part of a team competing in an international quiz competition,and they prepare very hard and cooperate with each other despite their cultural differences.This scenario most likely exemplifies the importance of ________ in bringing interracial harmony.

Accepted Answer

The scenario exemplifies the importance of a superordinate goal, which refers to a common goal that transcends the individual interests and goals of group members. In this case, the team's goal of winning the international quiz competition is above the different cultural backgrounds of the members, and it motivates them to collaborate and work harmoniously despite their differences. This concept has been shown to be effective in promoting interracial harmony and reducing intergroup conflicts. Implicit self-esteem refers to automatic and unconscious evaluations of the self, and it is not directly related to this scenario. Pluralistic ignorance and the jigsaw technique are also theoretical constructs that are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 13

A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A superordinate goal is a goal that is higher in priority than other goals, and it overrides personal differences and conflicts. This type of goal can bring people together and create cooperation and collaboration among individuals or groups. The other options (A, C, D) do not accurately describe a goal that has the ability to unite people regardless of their differences.

Question 14

Group conflicts are often fueled by an illusion that the enemy's top leaders are ________ and their people are ________.

Accepted Answer

Group conflicts are often characterized by a perception that the other group's leaders are evil and their people are good or helpless. This is because it is easier to demonize and blame a small group of leaders for the grievances of the larger group, rather than recognizing the complexities and nuances of the situation. This black and white thinking exacerbates conflicts and inhibits constructive communication and problem-solving.

Question 15

Amir and Sasha are in a conflict.Juan is their common friend who is not involved in the conflict.Which of the following is an example of the use of bargaining in the resolution of the conflict between Amir and Sasha?

Accepted Answer

Bargaining involves both parties pitching their demands to each other and finding a compromise that satisfies both sides. Therefore, Amir and Sasha actively negotiating and discussing their demands is an example of bargaining in the resolution of their conflict. Option B involves seeking advice which is not bargaining, Option C involves imposition which is not bargaining, and Option D involves taking sides which is not bargaining.

Question 16

Noah has a crush on Lily.They both work for the same company.He feels that Lily can easily sense his feelings and believes that his body language conveys his romantic interest.However,Lily is not aware of his interest in her.According to the studies by University of Manitoba psychologist Jacquie Vorauer,Noah is most likely experiencing ________ in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

Noah is experiencing the illusion of transparency, which refers to the belief that others can easily spot and understand our internal thoughts and emotions based on our external behaviors. It is a common cognitive bias, but in reality, people are often less attuned to others' feelings and thoughts than they imagine.

Question 17

A university in the United States forms two groups for an international debate competition.One group consists of U.S.-born students,and the other group consists of immigrant students.According to Al Ramiah and Hewstone's (2013)and Tropp and Barlow's (2018)studies on desegregation,which of the following happens when there is prolonged,personal contact between the two groups in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

According to Al Ramiah and Hewstone's (2013) and Tropp and Barlow's (2018) studies on desegregation, prolonged personal contact between different groups can lead to decreased perceived threats, which means that the two groups are less likely to view each other as a threat or source of harm. Thus, the best choice in this scenario is D, decreased perceived threats. The other options- increased anxiety, trend toward dehumanizing others, and decreased empathy- are not supported by research on desegregation.

Question 18

Danny and Ralph have mirror-image perceptions about each other.Which of the following is true about the perceptions that Danny and Ralph have about each other?

Accepted Answer

Mirror-image perceptions refer to reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive. Choice D directly reflects this concept, with both Danny and Ralph viewing the other as the evil one, which is a classic example of mirror-image perceptions.

Question 19

Desegregation could be expected to have poor results when contacts were competitive and unsupported by authorities.In order to achieve positive results with desegregation,contact should be ________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that desegregation is most successful when contact between different groups is equal in status and supported by authorities. This allows for positive intergroup interaction and the breaking down of stereotypes and prejudices. Unequal status contact can perpetuate power imbalances and reinforce discrimination, while short-term contact may not allow enough time for meaningful relationships to develop. Long-term contact, on the other hand, can lead to sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates a superordinate goal?

Accepted Answer

The installation of a satellite dish that all apartment dwellers can use is a superordinate goal because it requires cooperation and teamwork among multiple individuals to achieve a common goal. The other choices do not involve cooperation or a shared goal among multiple individuals.

Quiz 13: Conflict and Peacemaking