Question 1

One dramatic finding from developmental psychology (Plomin & Daniels,1987)is that two children in the same family are,on average,

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that genetic factors play a significant role in the development of individual differences between siblings, and that siblings can be as different from one another as two children selected at random, despite growing up in the same family environment. This is known as the "non-shared environmental effect". Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 2

Logan,a 7-year-old boy,comes from an abusive family,where his parents would physically abuse him,and he later grows up in a foster family.However,he continues in the same school and has the same set of friends.He grows to be a loving and caring person just like his friends.According to behavior geneticists Robert Plomin and Denise Daniels,Logan develops into a loving personality most likely due to _____.

Accepted Answer

Logan's development into a loving personality is most likely due to the peer-transmitted culture, as he continues to have the same set of friends who influence his behavior positively.

Question 3

In the mid-1960s,married women in the United States devoted seven times as many hours to housework as did their husbands.By 2013,the gender gap had shrunk,yet persisted.This pattern reflects how gender roles:

Accepted Answer

Gender roles vary over time as evidenced by the changing division of housework between married couples in the United States.

Question 4

Differences in how people greet one another,select and eat their foods,pick out their clothing,and speak with one another reflect differences in:

Accepted Answer

Differences in greetings, food selection and preparation, clothing choices, and language use are all examples of cultural differences. Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. These aspects of culture are learned and transmitted from one generation to the next, and they shape individuals' worldview and behavior. Genetics and evolution play a role in shaping some aspects of human behavior, but cultural differences are primarily learned and socially constructed. Extraversion is a personality trait that refers to a person's level of sociability, assertiveness, and emotional expressiveness, but it is not directly related to cultural differences.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the interaction between biology and culture?

Accepted Answer

Biology provides a foundation for cultural norms and practices, but these norms and practices can shape biological processes and outcomes. For example, the cultural value placed on thinness can lead to eating disorders, and access to contraception can alter reproductive behavior. Thus, biology and culture interact in complex ways. Option A is incorrect as cultural norms can be shaped by biological factors, such as evolutionary predispositions towards certain behaviors or reactions. Option B is incorrect as research has shown that there are more similarities than differences across cultures in regards to gender. Option D is incorrect as genes and hormones can influence gender differences, but cultural norms and practices can also amplify or suppress these differences.

Question 6

The evidence from studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings indicates that shared environmental influences explain approximately _____ percent of individual variations in personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings have found that shared environmental factors have very little impact on personality traits, explaining only about 0 to 1 percent of the variation in these traits. The majority of the variation is thought to be explained by genetic factors and non-shared environmental influences.

Question 7

As women's employment in formerly male occupations has increased,the gender difference in self-reported assertiveness has:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that as women enter male-dominated occupations and become more comfortable in those settings, their self-reported assertiveness tends to increase. Therefore, the gender difference in self-reported assertiveness has decreased.

Question 8

Your mother has commented on how little time your older sister,who recently married,spends on housework,as compared to what she herself used to spend when she was a newlywed.Your mother's comment reflects how gender roles:

Accepted Answer

The comment reflects how perceptions and expectations of gender roles, such as the amount of time spent on housework, can change over time, indicating that these roles are not static but evolve with societal norms and values.

Question 9

_____ implies that those genes that predispose traits that increase the odds of an individual surviving long enough to reproduce and nurture descendants will become more abundant in the population.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of natural selection, which is a key concept in evolutionary biology. The other answer choices are not directly related to this concept.

Question 10

The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that:

Accepted Answer

The Nurture Assumption is based on the belief that the way parents raise their children has a significant impact on who their children become as individuals. The theory suggests that the environment in which children are raised, including factors such as culture, society, and relationships with parents, siblings, and peers, plays a crucial role in shaping their personalities, behavior, and values. This theory challenges the earlier belief that genetics or nature were the primary factors in determining a child's development.

Question 11

As men and women perform more similar roles,their psychological differences:

Accepted Answer

Psychological differences between men and women are largely attributed to socialization practices, and as men and women perform more similar roles, these socialization practices become more similar, which leads to a decrease in psychological differences between genders. Therefore, option A) shrink is the most appropriate choice.

Question 12

The evidence from studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings indicates that genetic influences explain approximately _____ percent of individual variations in personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings show that genetic influences explain approximately 40% of individual variations in personality traits. This means that while genes are important in shaping our personalities, environmental factors also play a significant role.

Question 13

According to behavior geneticists Robert Plomin and Denise Daniels,which of the following is true of the influence of peer-transmitted culture among children?

Accepted Answer

C) Two children in the same family are as different from one another as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population. This statement reflects the findings of behavior geneticists like Plomin and Daniels, emphasizing the limited influence of shared family environment on children's development compared to genetic factors and unique environmental experiences.

Question 14

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between biology and culture?

Accepted Answer

The relationship between biology and culture is one of interaction, as both influence and shape each other. Biological factors can influence cultural practices and beliefs, while cultural practices and beliefs can also influence biological factors, such as health behaviors and reproductive strategies.

Question 15

A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates.This height norm is cited as evidence that:

Accepted Answer

The height norm is a result of the interaction between biology and culture. While there may be a biological component to the preference for taller partners, cultural beliefs and norms play a significant role in shaping this preference. Therefore, option D is the best answer.

Question 16

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology)depends on another factor (such as environment)is called:

Accepted Answer

A relationship in which the effect of one factor depends on another factor is called an interaction. In this type of relationship, the presence or absence of one factor can influence the direction and strength of the effect of the other factor. It is a common concept in fields such as biology, psychology, and sociology.

Question 17

Eagly and Wood (2007)theorized that in adult life the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are:

Accepted Answer

Eagly and Wood (2007) proposed that gender differences in social behavior are primarily due to the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor, which are influenced by societal structures and expectations rather than purely biological factors.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the varying gender roles in the world?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the variety of gender roles across cultures and over time shows that culture indeed helps construct gender roles is true. Option A is incorrect because while American women do spend more time on housework than their husbands, it is not seven times as much. Option B is false as the number of women represented in parliaments has been increasing in most nations. Option C is partially true, but the relationship between gender equality and engagement in war is not a straightforward one.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of personal space in various cultures across the world?

Accepted Answer

Cultures near the equator tend to prefer less personal space, while those further away from the equator prefer more personal space. This may be due to cultural factors or environmental factors such as climate. The other options provided are not true for all individuals or cultures.

Question 20

Harris (1996)suggested that if children were left with their same schools,neighborhoods,and peers,but their parents were switched,the children would develop into the same sort of adults.This conclusion reflects the power of:

Accepted Answer

Harris's suggestion highlights the significant role that peers play in a child's development. Even with changes in parenting styles and attitudes, children's development is shaped by the influence of their peers in their social environment.

Quiz 5: Genes, Culture, and Gender

One dramatic finding from developmental psychology (Plomin & Daniels,1987) is that two children in the same family are,on average,