Question 1

Stereotyping is more likely to occur when

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when people are tired or mentally depleted, they are more likely to rely on stereotypes in order to simplify their thinking and decision-making processes.

Question 2

The scapegoat theory is to the social identity theory as _____________________ is/are to ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The scapegoat theory suggests that prejudice arises from frustration and aggression that is redirected towards an easy target, while the social identity theory explains prejudice as stemming from a need to feel superior to others.

Question 3

Betsy and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betsy and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate

Accepted Answer

The girls' belief that their own group is composed of better spellers is an example of in-group bias, which is the tendency to favor one's own group over other groups. This bias can lead to stereotyping and prejudice against out-group members. The other answer options are not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 4

In-group bias can be promoted

Accepted Answer

In-group bias can be promoted simply by the formation of groups, even without any explicit or consistent messaging about the superiority of one's in-group or the inferiority of out-groups. The mere identification with a group can lead to a preference for members of one's own group over those outside of it.

Question 5

Patricia Devine suggests that even for the low-prejudice person, overcoming prejudice is like learning to

Accepted Answer

Breaking a bad habit requires conscious effort and constant monitoring of one's behavior. Similarly, overcoming prejudice requires a conscious effort to actively challenge one's own biases and stereotypes, and to regularly examine and reflect on one's own behavior and attitudes.

Question 6

Which of the following statements made by 14-year-old Katya clearly reflects an aspect of her social identity?

Accepted Answer

The statement "I am Canadian" clearly reflects an aspect of Katya's social identity as it identifies her as belonging to a particular national group. The other statements may reflect aspects of her personality or career aspirations, but not necessarily her social identity.

Question 7

Research suggests that we are most prone to in-group bias when

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that all three factors - the in-group being lower in status, one's self-esteem being threatened, and identifying strongly with the in-group - can increase in-group bias. Therefore, option D, "all of the choices are correct," is the best answer.

Question 8

Meindl and Lerner found that ______________ provoked English-speaking Canadian students to express increased hostility toward French-speaking Canadians.

Accepted Answer

The study by Meindl and Lerner found that a humiliating experience provoked English-speaking Canadian students to express increased hostility toward French-speaking Canadians.

Question 9

Women who are victims of sexual assault are often perceived as "to blame" in some way for what happened to them. This type of thinking reflects how our impressions can be shaped by

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon refers to the belief that people get what they deserve in life, and often leads to victim-blaming attitudes. This is relevant to the perception of women who are victims of sexual assault being perceived as "to blame" in some way for what happened to them.

Question 10

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

Accepted Answer

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the just-world phenomenon. This can lead to blaming the victim, assuming that bad things happen to people because they must have done something to deserve it, and not recognizing systemic inequalities and injustices.

Question 11

A group that is perceived as distinctive from one's own group is generally called

Accepted Answer

An out-group is a group that is perceived as different or distinct from one's own group. This perception can lead to prejudice and discrimination against the out-group.

Question 12

Olivia and Joanne are in a psychology experiment. The researcher divides the girls and the other participants into two groups, Team Y and Team Z, by the flip of a coin. Research suggest that dividing groups in the two teams with no logical basis will

Accepted Answer

Even with a random division into groups, individuals may still exhibit some in-group bias as they identify with their respective teams. However, this bias may not necessarily lead to overt between-group prejudice.

Question 13

In ______________, prejudice is often greater among those low or slipping on the socioeconomic ladder and among those whose positive self-image is being threatened.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice can be influenced by socioeconomic factors and self-image threats in various regions, including Europe and North America, making all the choices correct.

Question 14

The just-world assumption

Accepted Answer

The just-world assumption is the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, whether good or bad. This belief discounts the role of uncontrollable factors such as luck, privilege and social context, which can derail one's effort. Hence, this assumption can contribute to discrimination and victim blaming. Option A is incorrect because the just-world assumption does not take into account uncontrollable factors. Option C is incorrect because the just-world assumption is related to discrimination. Option D is incorrect because the just-world assumption is related to people's negative evaluations of others who are seen as deserving their negative outcomes.

Question 15

Rich and Steve find out that they share the same birthday. Steve and Bill discover they're from the same hometown. Bill and Bob are both men. Which of these similarities is a sufficient basis for promoting in-group bias?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rich and Steve find out that they...

Question 16

Team spirit for the Edmonton Oilers is never as high as it is when they play their top rivals the Calgary Flames. According to your text, this type of in-group bias most likely results because

Accepted Answer

The perception of a common enemy unites a group, which is known as the "out-group derogation effect." In this case, the Edmonton Oilers and their fans view the Calgary Flames as their top rivals, creating a strong sense of in-group bias and unity. The need to perceive one's own group as good (A), conflicting loyalties (B), and conforming to group norms (C) may all contribute to in-group bias, but they are not specifically related to the rivalry between the Oilers and Flames.

Question 17

, when the need to belong is met,

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when the need to belong is met, people tend to become more accepting of out-groups and less discriminatory towards them. This is because when individuals feel a sense of belonging, they do not feel the need to exclude or discriminate against others in order to maintain their own sense of identity and membership. Additionally, when people feel a sense of belonging, they are more likely to empathize with and understand the perspectives of others, leading to greater acceptance and tolerance of diversity.

Question 18

According to the text,

Accepted Answer

All of the choices are identified as possible reasons for the formation of out-group stereotypes in the text. Therefore, all of the choices are correct.

Question 19

According to researchers who study stereotyping, prejudicial reactions

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping and prejudicial reactions are not inevitable and can be mitigated through education, exposure to diverse perspectives, and conscious effort to challenge and correct biases.

Question 20

According to social identity theory, people readily

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory states that people categorize themselves and others, identify with certain groups, and compare their group with other groups. Therefore, all the choices are correct.

Quiz 11: Sources of Prejudice