Question 1

Which of the following individuals is using conventional moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Conventional moral reasoning is based on conforming to social norms and the expectations of others. Saroya's decision to clean her mother's apartment to please her mother aligns with this stage of moral development.

Question 2

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________

Accepted Answer

Preconventional morality is the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where individuals make moral decisions based on self-interest and fear of punishment. Therefore, obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of preconventional morality.

Question 3

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines three broad levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, each comprising two stages, to describe the progression of moral reasoning from childhood through adulthood.

Question 4

Dr. Martin Luther King believed that segregation and voting laws should be changed because they violated the basic human rights and dignity of the minority populations in the United States. This line of reasoning is consistent with __________

Accepted Answer

Dr. Martin Luther King's belief that segregation and voting laws violated the basic human rights and dignity of minority populations in the United States is an example of postconventional moral reasoning. This is because he went beyond conventional beliefs and laws to advocate for change based on universal moral principles of equality and respect for human dignity.

Question 5

What percent of young women in the United States become pregnant before the age of 20?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What percent of young women in the...

Question 6

Crystal has reached a point in her life that she realizes, in certain ethically demanding circumstances, she must "do something wrong to do something right." At which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is Crystal?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, stage six of the postconventional level of moral reasoning involves the recognition of universal ethical principles and the willingness to break rules or laws in order to uphold these principles. Crystal's belief that she may need to do something wrong to do something right suggests that she is operating at this highest level of moral development.

Question 7

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

Accepted Answer

Brad's decision is based on the potential for personal punishment, which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This level is characterized by an individual's response to moral dilemmas being driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid punishment.

Question 8

Fourteen-year-old children are more capable of multitasking than are ten-year-old children, probably because __________

Accepted Answer

Metamemory is the ability to reflect on one's own memory processes and strategies. During adolescence, there is a greater increase in metamemory skills, which includes the ability to monitor and control attention and memory processes. This improvement in memory processes allows for better multitasking abilities.

Question 9

Reasoning during Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning is __________

Accepted Answer

During Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, reasoning is based on the physical consequences of an act. This level is characterized by a focus on personal consequences, such as punishment and reward, rather than consideration of moral alternatives or internalized standards. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 10

The ability to think about and control one's own memory processes is called __________

Accepted Answer

Metamemory is the aspect of metacognition that involves awareness and control over one's own memory processes.

Question 11

When asked why he shouldn't steal a piece of gum from a convenience store, Simon, an eight-year-old child answers, "Because I might get taken to jail." This child is reasoning at Kohlberg's __________

Accepted Answer

The preconventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment, which Simon demonstrates by citing the possibility of going to jail as a reason not to steal the gum.

Question 12

Which of the following individuals proposed that moral reasoning develops in stages that are based on a person's level of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning develops in stages that are based on a person's level of cognitive development. Piaget also proposed stages of cognitive development, but his theory is not specifically about moral reasoning. Gilligan proposed a different theory of moral development that emphasizes care and compassion rather than Kohlberg's focus on justice and rules. Erikson's theory is about psychosocial development, which includes moral development as one aspect but is not solely focused on it.

Question 13

Morality at Kohlberg's conventional level is based on all of the following EXCEPT__________

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's conventional level of morality is based on the desire to conform to societal expectations and maintain social order (D), as well as the desire to please others (C) and follow the law (A). However, it is not solely based on rewards and punishments (B).

Question 14

At Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning, the morality of a certain act is determined by whether or not the individual's actions will be approved by another person.

Accepted Answer

At the conventional level of moral reasoning (typically observed in adolescence), individuals base their moral judgments on the expectations of society and what is considered socially acceptable behavior. They seek approval from others and conform to norms and values established by their culture or community.

Question 15

According to Piaget, a landmark of formal operational thought is the teenager's ability to __________

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, one of the landmarks of formal operational thought is the ability to think hypothetically, which involves the capacity to generate hypotheses or propositions that can be systematically tested in order to arrive at a solution. While solving conservation and class-inclusion problems is a key feature of concrete operational thought, and applying logical processes in concrete situations is an important part of both concrete and formal operational thinking, only thinking hypothetically is linked specifically with the ability to reason abstractly and generate novel ideas.

Question 16

In one early research study, kids of different ages were given a task and were given 30 minutes to complete that task. The research found that older kids were much better at monitoring their time and finishing within 30 minutes as compared to younger kids. This demonstrates the development of __________ during adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one early research study, kids of...

Question 17

There are __________ levels and __________ stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) with two stages each, making a total of six stages. So, the correct option is B (3 levels and 6 stages).

Question 18

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the conventional level of morality. This means that their moral reasoning is based on social norms, the expectations of authority figures, and the desire to maintain social order. Adolescents at this level are focused on being a good person and obeying rules to avoid disapproval or punishment from others. They may not question the validity of these rules or consider alternative perspectives.

Question 19

The ability to think about your own memory is __________

Accepted Answer

The ability to think about one's own memory is called metamemory, which is the understanding and awareness of one's own memory processes. Formal operations refer to the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning, while concrete operations refer to the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events. Abstract memory is not a recognized term in the field of psychology.

Question 20

Approximately __________ percent of high school seniors - including both boys and girls -report that they have had more than four sexual partners.

Accepted Answer

About 20% of high school seniors report having had more than four sexual partners. This statistic reflects data gathered from surveys and studies on adolescent sexual behavior.

Quiz 9: Adolescence and Adulthood