Question 1

Paul is a very tolerant White male. When he meets Bill, an African-American, Paul assumes that Bill will view him as an arrogant spoiled White man. Paul's belief is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

Paul's belief that Bill will view him a certain way based on his race is an example of a meta-stereotype - a belief about how members of different groups perceive each other.

Question 2

Karen's idea about what all football players are like is based on her knowledge of Tim Tebow. Which of the following is the problem with Karen's perception?

Accepted Answer

Karen is making a generalization about all football players based on her knowledge of one specific player, Tim Tebow. This is not a reliable or representative sample, as Tim Tebow is just one individual and may not accurately represent all football players. This is a common fallacy known as the "sample size fallacy."

Question 3

In earlier centuries people vented their fear and hostility on witches, whom they sometimes burned or drowned in public. In the context of displaced aggression, the witches are _____.

Accepted Answer

The best choice is B, scapegoats. In the context of displaced aggression, witches were used as a target for the public's anger and fear. As such, they were scapegoats, or individuals who were unfairly blamed for a problem in order to divert attention away from the true source of the problem.

Question 4

In which situation are people LEAST likely to rely on stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

When people are emotionally stable, they are less likely to be influenced by biases and stereotypes as they are able to think more rationally and objectively. On the other hand, when people are short on time, tired or preoccupied, they tend to rely on automatic thinking and may resort to stereotypes to simplify their decision-making process.

Question 5

Elvis is a gay man. He believes that every time he speaks people interpret his opinions in terms of his homosexuality and expects to be the victim of prejudice of discrimination. Which of the following best describes Elvis?

Accepted Answer

Elvis is exhibiting stigma consciousness, which is the awareness and expectation of discrimination due to a stigmatized identity. This is not related to social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, or scapegoating.

Question 6

Which of the following is FALSE about men compared to women?

Accepted Answer

Men are not more likely to die later than women. In fact, on average, women live longer than men.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an example of subtle prejudice?

Accepted Answer

Believing one race to be better at certain tasks than others is an example of overt prejudice, as it explicitly states a belief in racial superiority or inferiority. Subtle prejudice is more indirect and less obvious.

Question 8

Define and provide examples of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define and provide examples of prejudice, stereotypes,...

Question 9

A person is labeled as ______ if they believe in the superiority of his/her own ethnic and cultural group and shows disdain for all other groups.

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic or cultural group and the tendency to view other groups through the lens of one's own culture. It involves a lack of respect or even disregard for other cultures and their values, beliefs, and traditions. Ethnocentrism can lead to discriminatory attitudes and behaviors towards members of other groups and can contribute to conflicts and tensions between different groups.

Question 10

In which of the following situations are people LEAST likely to experience ingroup bias?

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias is less likely when the ingroup is in the majority because the sense of threat or need for differentiation from an outgroup is reduced.

Question 11

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students than White students. This finding is an example of

Accepted Answer

This finding is an example of modern prejudice, where individuals may reject overtly discriminatory beliefs or behaviors but still hold negative attitudes and beliefs on a more subtle or subconscious level. The higher ratings given to poorly written essays simply because they were believed to be written by Black students suggest that participants' underlying negative attitudes towards Black individuals influenced their evaluations, even if they were not consciously aware of it.

Question 12

Vince and Wanda are both members of the high school band. Vince plays tuba and Wanda plays the flute. Vince believes that the brass section is the strongest section of the band while Wanda believes the woodwinds are the most important section. Vince and Wanda's beliefs are best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Vince and Wanda's beliefs are based on their identification with their own section in the band, which is an example of ingroup bias. They view their own section as superior to the other sections, which is a common tendency in group membership.

Question 13

Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. After meeting Kim who has a 4.0 GPA and spends 20 hours each week volunteering to help the disabled children Beth says "well, she's the exception to the rule." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of subtyping, where Beth categorizes Kim as an exception to her negative stereotype of sorority members rather than changing her overall belief about them.

Question 14

The tendency of people to get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve in life, whether good or bad. It assumes that individuals are responsible for their own fate and that negative events occur to people who deserve them. This belief can lead people to blame individuals for their misfortunes rather than recognizing the impact of external circumstances beyond their control.

Question 15

Sally believes that all psychology majors are nosey. When she meets Jonathan she is surprised because, although he is a psychology major, he respects her privacy and doesn't push her to share things if she doesn't want to. In the context of subtyping, what will likely happen to Sally's stereotype of psychology majors?

Accepted Answer

In the context of subtyping, Sally will likely create a subcategory for people like Jonathan who do not fit her stereotype of psychology majors. This subcategory will be an exception to her general stereotype, allowing her to maintain her belief about psychology majors as a whole but acknowledging that there are exceptions to the rule.

Question 16

Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Albert's beliefs are best explained by

Accepted Answer

The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency for people to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than members of their own group. This can lead to stereotyping and oversimplification of the differences within the outgroup. Albert's belief that all sorority girls are the same is an example of this effect.

Question 17

Joe is an American. He views people trying to immigrate into America as nothing more than pests. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Infrahumanization is the act of perceiving individuals or groups as less than human, often accompanied by feelings of disgust or contempt. Joe's view of immigrants as pests suggests a dehumanizing attitude, indicating infrahumanization.

Question 18

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by

Accepted Answer

Harber's study found that poorly written essays received higher ratings when participants believed they were written by Black students, demonstrating a bias where evaluators may overcompensate in their assessments to avoid appearing prejudiced.

Question 19

Identify the true statement about the effect of stereotypes on judgments of individuals.

Accepted Answer

Strong stereotypes can have a significant effect on judgments of individuals, even if they are irrelevant. Research has shown that vivid information about a particular group member who does not fit the group may not be enough to overcome the effect of base-rate information about the group. People may also evaluate individuals more negatively than their group, which is known as the ultimate attribution error. Therefore, option B is the true statement about the effect of stereotypes on judgments of individuals.

Question 20

Which of the following characterizes an ethnocentric individual?

Accepted Answer

An ethnocentric individual typically has an intolerance for weakness or difference, and tends to favor their own group or culture over others.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Language