Question 1

What hypothesis was tested by Warren and Marshall during their research involving Helicobacter pylori bacteria and stomach ulcers?
A) Eating spicy food increases populations of H. pylori in the stomachs of people susceptible to ulcers.
B) The cause of many stomach ulcers is the bacterium H. pylori, not spicy food.
C) Stomach acid production is decreased by H. pylori bacteria in the stomachs of people who have ulcers.
D) Acute stomach pain is often caused by H. pylori bacteria, not ulcers.

Accepted Answer

Warren and Marshall's research aimed to test the hypothesis that H. pylori bacteria are the cause of many stomach ulcers, rather than factors such as diet or stress. They ultimately demonstrated that H. pylori infection could produce symptoms of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, leading to the acceptance of their findings by the medical community and the development of new treatment options.

Question 2

If an inductively reasoned hypothesis makes sense, based on all available and historical observations, then
A) the hypothesis must be true.
B) the hypothesis cannot possibly be true.
C) the hypothesis might be false.
D) experimentation is not necessary.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning is based on a set of observations and past experiences, and it can lead to a hypothesis that explains those observations. However, since we are unable to observe every possible instance or exception, the hypothesis may not always be true. Therefore, the hypothesis might be false, and it needs to be tested through experimentation before it can be accepted as truth.

Question 3

Why are hypotheses never accepted by scientists?
A) A hypothesis cannot ever be true or false because it is an opinion.
B) Experimentation cannot support a hypothesis because it only tests predictions.
C) Hypotheses change every time a new experiment is conducted.
D) Alternative hypotheses might provide a better answer to the research question.

Accepted Answer

Scientists can develop multiple hypotheses to explain a phenomenon. As they conduct experiments to test these hypotheses, they may find evidence that supports one hypothesis more than others. However, it's rare for a hypothesis to be proven definitively true or false. Instead, scientists evaluate the evidence and select the hypothesis that provides the most plausible explanation for their observations. If new evidence emerges, they may modify or even discard their original hypothesis. Therefore, scientists never fully accept a hypothesis as the final answer, as alternative hypotheses may offer better explanations.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is a testable scientific hypothesis?
A) Antioxidants from food are better than antioxidants from a vitamin pill.
B) Eating fish reduces the chance of having a stroke.
C) Embryonic stem cell research will allow scientists to find a cure for diabetes.
D) Smoking makes people less attractive.

Accepted Answer

This statement is a testable scientific hypothesis because it can be studied through observation and experimentation to determine whether or not there is a cause-and-effect relationship between eating fish and reducing the chance of having a stroke. A and D are not testable scientific hypotheses because they are subjective opinions that cannot be measured, while C is a prediction about future possibilities rather than a statement that can be directly tested.

Question 5

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?
A) Taking zinc lozenges at the first sign of cold symptoms is wise.
B) Avoiding contact with other people reduces the chance of catching a cold.
C) Being a good driver makes you less likely to catch a cold.
D) Sleeping eight hours a night makes you feel better when you have a cold.

Accepted Answer

A testable hypothesis is one that can be supported or refuted through experimentation or observation. Option B can be tested by observing the rate of cold transmission among people who avoid contact with others compared to those who do not.

Question 6

Consider this hypothesis: "Drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds." Which of the following statements is the best prediction based on this hypothesis?
A) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then they will feel better sooner than people who don't consume the tea.
B) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then an ingredient in the tea will bind to cold viruses and destroy them.
C) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then the tea will reduce their stress, making them feel better.
D) If a person doesn't drink Echinacea tea, then he or she will catch a cold very easily.

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis is that drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds. Therefore, the best prediction based on this hypothesis would be that if people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, they will feel better sooner than people who don't consume the tea. This directly relates to the hypothesis and is a logical prediction based on the proposed effect of Echinacea tea on colds. Choice B is incorrect because it goes beyond the hypothesis by proposing a mechanism of action for the tea that is not supported by the hypothesis. Choice C is incorrect because the hypothesis does not suggest that Echinacea tea has an effect on stress. Choice D is incorrect because it is not a prediction based on the hypothesis, but rather a separate statement about the relationship between Echinacea tea and the likelihood of getting a cold.

Question 7

________ reasoning takes the form of "if/then" statements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ reasoning takes the form of "if/then"...

Question 8

Certain researchers have published peer-reviewed reports that the use of zinc lozenges reduces the length and severity of cold symptoms. What is one reason why some scientists are still skeptical about the merits of using zinc lozenges during a cold?
A) Because most people get zinc in their diet anyway, there's no reason to believe that zinc lozenges could affect a cold.
B) Previous ideas about vitamin C usage have been discredited, so there's no reason to believe new ideas about zinc lozenges.
C) There is no way of knowing if the original work was properly controlled or statistically significant.
D) There may be other reasons why the people taking zinc lozenges recovered faster, such as stress levels or differences in their immune systems.

Accepted Answer

Some scientists may be skeptical of the merits of using zinc lozenges during a cold because there may be other factors, such as stress levels or differences in immune systems, that contributed to the faster recovery of the group taking zinc lozenges. It is important to control for these factors to ensure that the benefits observed are indeed due to the zinc.

Question 9

When a hypothesis is extensively tested and supported by a large number of studies conducted by many different scientists, then
A) it is considered a scientific theory.
B) the hypothesis is referred to as a prediction.
C) further experimentation will not occur unless an alternative hypothesis is proposed.
D) it is a fact that cannot be refuted.

Accepted Answer

When a hypothesis is extensively tested and supported by a large number of studies conducted by many different scientists, it is considered a scientific theory. A theory is a well-supported and widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon, based on empirical evidence, and subject to repeated testing and modification. It is not an absolute fact, as new evidence may lead to modifications or even rejection of the theory.

Question 10

The germ theory was developed by microbiologists, including
A) Warren and Marshall.
B) Pasteur and Koch.
C) Watson and Crick.
D) Jacob and Monad.

Accepted Answer

The germ theory, which states that microorganisms can cause disease, was developed by microbiologists Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the 19th century. Warren and Marshall are known for their discovery of the bacteria H. pylori and its link to stomach ulcers, Watson and Crick are known for their discovery of the structure of DNA, and Jacob and Monad are known for their work on gene regulation in bacteria.

Question 11

Which of the following is an appropriate scientific hypothesis?
A) Bad people catch more colds than good people.
B) Cold viruses should be allowed to reproduce just like anything else.
C) It is unethical to go to school when you have a cold.
D) People catch colds because of exposure to cold temperature.

Accepted Answer

A scientific hypothesis should be testable and based on objective evidence. Option D meets both criteria as it suggests a possible cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to cold temperature and catching a cold, which can be tested through experiments and observations. Option A is not testable and lacks objective evidence, options B and C are not hypothesis statements in the scientific sense.

Question 12

________ reasoning is used to make predictions based on a hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ reasoning is used to make predictions...

Question 13

A scientific theory is
A) an explanation supported by a very large amount of experimental evidence.
B) an explanation that cannot be modified in light of new experimental evidence.
C) little more than an educated guess.
D) any testable explanation for a question or problem.

Accepted Answer

A scientific theory is an explanation that has been tested and supported by a large amount of experimental evidence.

Question 14

A scientific hypothesis has which of the following features?
A) It is able to be proven true.
B) It is falsifiable.
C) It is a theory about something.
D) It is not based on observations.

Accepted Answer

A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, meaning it can be tested and potentially disproven through observation or experimentation. It is not necessary for a hypothesis to be proven true, as science is always open to new evidence and the possibility of refining or changing ideas. A hypothesis is not a theory, but rather an initial proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on observations and previous knowledge. Hypotheses are always based on observations, as they are formulated to explain specific observations or patterns in data.

Question 15

Which of the following hypotheses is testable using scientific methods?
A) Bees can see ultraviolet light that humans can't.
B) The dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex was a scavenger, not a predator.
C) Peacocks like to display their large tail feathers.
D) People with type O blood are natural meat eaters.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following hypotheses is testable...

Question 16

Deductive reasoning is used to make ________ based on a hypothesis.
A) correlations
B) data
C) predictions
D) statistical tests

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning starts with a hypothesis and uses logical reasoning to make predictions based on that hypothesis. Therefore, the best choice is C, predictions. While deductive reasoning can rely on data and statistical tests to support the hypothesis, the primary focus is on using the hypothesis to make predictions. Correlations may be used inductive reasoning, which starts with observations or data and looks for patterns to form a hypothesis.

Question 17

The scientific method is used to
A) answer specific questions about the natural world.
B) determine absolute truth.
C) distinguish good from evil.
D) establish moral codes.

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is a systematic approach to answering specific questions about the natural world, involving observation, hypothesis formation, testing, and analysis. It does not aim to determine absolute truth, establish moral codes or distinguish good from evil.

Question 18

________ reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ reasoning is used to make a...

Question 19

A(n)________ (two words)is an explanation of a set of related observations based on well-supported hypotheses from a number of different, independent lines of research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n)________ (two words)is an explanation of a...

Question 20

Which of the following statements is the best prediction based on the hypothesis that bird species have decreased in number in a particular wetland because of construction traffic?
A) If a wetland area is disturbed by construction vehicles, then the number of bird species will decrease.
B) If construction vehicles are in a wetland, then the birds will become too frightened to reproduce.
C) If bird numbers decrease in a wetland, then construction vehicles must have affected the environment.
D) If construction vehicles enter a wetland, then new predators will enter the area and reduce the size of bird populations.

Accepted Answer

This statement is the best prediction based on the hypothesis as it directly relates the decrease in bird species to the construction traffic disturbance in the wetland area. Option B is not supported by any evidence and option D introduces a new factor (predators) that is not mentioned in the hypothesis. Option C is also not a prediction but a conclusion that is drawn from the hypothesis.

Quiz 1: Can Science Cure the Common Cold? Introduction to the Scientific Method

What hypothesis was tested by Warren and Marshall during their research involving Helicobacter pylori bacteria and stomach ulcers?

If an inductively reasoned hypothesis makes sense, based on all available and historical observations, then

Why are hypotheses never accepted by scientists?

Which of the following statements is a testable scientific hypothesis?

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?

Consider this hypothesis: "Drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds." Which of the following statements is the best prediction based on this hypothesis?

________ reasoning takes the form of "if/then" statements.

Certain researchers have published peer-reviewed reports that the use of zinc lozenges reduces the length and severity of cold symptoms. What is one reason why some scientists are still skeptical about the merits of using zinc lozenges during a cold?

When a hypothesis is extensively tested and supported by a large number of studies conducted by many different scientists, then

The germ theory was developed by microbiologists, including

Which of the following is an appropriate scientific hypothesis?

________ reasoning is used to make predictions based on a hypothesis.

A scientific theory is

A scientific hypothesis has which of the following features?

Which of the following hypotheses is testable using scientific methods?

Deductive reasoning is used to make ________ based on a hypothesis.

The scientific method is used to

________ reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations.

A(n)________ (two words)is an explanation of a set of related observations based on well-supported hypotheses from a number of different, independent lines of research.

Which of the following statements is the best prediction based on the hypothesis that bird species have decreased in number in a particular wetland because of construction traffic?