Compare and contrast the programs of defensive modernization implemented by China,the Ottoman Empire,and Japan in the nineteenth century.

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The Answer is •A discussion of China should explain the self-strengthening movement,the Hundred Days of Reform,and the policies implemented in the last decade of the Qing dynasty.
•A discussion of the ottoman Empire should explain the Tanzimat reforms,the reforms proposed by the Young ottomans and the Young Turks,and the rationale of Islamic modernism.
•A discussion of Japan should explain the reforms implemented after the Meiji restoration,with emphasis on the industrialization of the country.
•The following similarities in the reforms should be noted:
oThe selective borrowing of Western science and technology
oThe attempt to establish the infrastructure for industrialization (railroads,factories,telegraphs,steamships,mining,postal service)
oThe establishment of schools with a new curriculum based on Western educational models
•A discussion of the differences should highlight the conservative nature of Chinese and ottoman reforms in comparison to Japanese reforms.

Compare and Contrast the Programs of Defensive Modernization Implemented by China,the