Question 1

The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in ______________societies.

Accepted Answer

Hunting and gathering societies were typically characterized by a division of labor based on gender, with men responsible for hunting and women responsible for gathering plant foods and caring for children.

Question 2

For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2015, nearly______________ of African American children lived with their mother only.

Accepted Answer

In 2015, nearly 50 percent of African American children lived with their mother only.

Question 3

In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that _________________________.

Accepted Answer

Holland and Eisenhart found that the peer system emphasized the importance of romance and attractiveness to men for college women.

Question 4

A(n) ______________is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

Accepted Answer

An industrial society is characterized by factory or mechanized production as the main form of economic activity, whereas in agrarian societies, agriculture is the predominant economic activity. A pastoral society is characterized by nomadic or semi-nomadic people who rely on livestock for their livelihood. A commerce society is a society that is focused on trade and commerce as the primary means of economic activity.

Question 5

In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?

Accepted Answer

In hunting and gathering societies, there is a relatively equal distribution of labor between men and women. Both genders contribute to the group's basic subsistence needs and have important roles in decision-making. However, it's important to note that not all hunting and gathering societies are completely egalitarian, and gender roles can vary depending on the specific group and cultural context.

Question 6

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately ______________of adult women are in the labor force.

Accepted Answer

According to Bureau of Labor Statistics data from 2020, approximately 60 percent of adult women in the United States are in the labor force.

Question 7

In ______________societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.

Accepted Answer

Horticultural societies rely on cultivating crops using simple tools and techniques. This allows for a steady source of food, unlike pastoral societies which rely on herding animals, or industrial societies which rely on complex machinery to produce food. Agrarian societies, while also relying on cultivating crops, typically have a more complex system of land ownership and labor relationships.

Question 8

Gender-appropriate behavior is______________ .

Accepted Answer

Gender-appropriate behavior is not acquired at birth or fixed and inalterable by age 5. It is a learned behavior that results from the socialization process. Although some people may find it more difficult to conform to gender norms, this is not always the case for everyone.

Question 9

One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is _______________.

Accepted Answer

In agrarian societies, private property was often inherited within families, and legitimate heirs were necessary to maintain ownership. This contributed to gender inequality as men were typically viewed as the legitimate heirs and therefore had more power and control over property, while women were often excluded from inheritance and had limited economic opportunities.

Question 10

______________are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

Accepted Answer

In postindustrial societies, technology plays a significant role in the economy, and there is a shift from manufacturing to service and information-based industries. This type of society is characterized by a high standard of living, a focus on service-oriented careers, and a reliance on advanced technologies.

Question 11

Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________ .

Accepted Answer

Parents often buy toys that reflect traditional gender roles, such as dolls for girls and trucks for boys. This reinforces societal expectations about what activities and interests are appropriate for each gender.

Question 12

______________in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.

Accepted Answer

Industrialization refers to the development of industries on a large scale, leading to a shift from agrarian to industrial economies. This shift led to men and unmarried girls going to work in factories and other paid jobs, while women were expected to stay home and perform nonpaid work, creating a gap between the two types of work. Agriculturalism (B) is the practice or theory of agriculture, which is not relevant to the question. Postmodernism (C) is a cultural, literary, and artistic movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, which is also not relevant to the question. Horticulturalism (D) is the practice of horticulture, which is not relevant to the question.

Question 13

The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The assignment of chores to children by...

Question 14

The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including______________ .

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school by the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts.

Question 15

In ______________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.

Accepted Answer

Postindustrial societies are characterized by a shift away from manufacturing and toward service and information-based industries. This means that the division of labor is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information (such as tech industry workers) or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work. Industrial societies still have a significant manufacturing sector, while agricultural and preindustrial societies have more manual labor jobs related to farming and handicrafts.

Question 16

______________refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence.

Accepted Answer

Pastoralism refers to the domestication and herding of large animals such as cattle, sheep, or goats as the primary means of subsistence. Agrarianism refers to a society based on agriculture, which may or may not involve animal husbandry. Horticulture is a type of agriculture that involves smaller-scale cultivation of plants for subsistence, while industrialization is a process of economic and social change involving the transformation of agrarian or horticultural societies into industrial societies.

Question 17

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization,______________ .

Accepted Answer

Peer groups on college campuses often form around gender, influencing gender socialization by reinforcing gender norms and expectations.

Question 18

In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that______________ .

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that male peer groups tend to put more pressure on boys to conform to traditional masculine norms and engage in "masculine" activities, while female peer groups tend to be more accepting of a wider range of behaviors and interests.

Question 19

______________consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

Accepted Answer

Gender bias refers to showing favoritism or prejudice towards one gender over the other. A is not a common term, B refers specifically to unwanted sexual advances, and D refers to treating someone unfavorably based on their gender in areas such as hiring or promotion.

Question 20

In most hunting and gathering societies,_______________ .

Accepted Answer

In most hunting and gathering societies, cooperative and relatively egalitarian relationships between women and men are common. Both genders typically contribute to the group's survival through their respective roles in gathering and hunting. While men may focus more on hunting and women on gathering, there is often a sense of interdependence and equality in the group. Domination or subordination based on gender is not typically present in these societies.

Quiz 11: Families and Intimate Relationships