Question 1

Reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called ________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional reasoning is focused on the consequences of actions, specifically the rewards and punishments that come as a result. This level of reasoning is often seen in young children who are still learning about society's rules and expectations.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive autonomy refers to the ability to think and make decisions independently. Refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room demonstrates this ability. The other options involve social or emotional autonomy, which are not the same as cognitive autonomy.

Question 3

At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that susceptibility to peer pressure for delinquent behaviors is greatest during adolescence, particularly around the age of 14. This is the age at which many teenagers are facing significant social, emotional, and psychological changes, and peer influence can be particularly strong during this time. While peer pressure can still be a factor at other ages, it is generally considered to be most impactful during early adolescence.

Question 4

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the conventional level is characterized by conforming to social norms and rules in order to be a good citizen and gain social approval. Therefore, a person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation is functioning at the conventional level of moral development.

Question 5

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure

Accepted Answer

During late adolescence, individuals typically gain a stronger sense of identity and self-confidence, which leads to a decrease in susceptibility to peer pressure as they become more capable of making independent decisions.

Question 6

An individual who sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective is at which stage of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

This individual is at the postconventional stage of moral reasoning, where they see morality as relative and subjective rather than being based on external rules or societal conventions. At this stage, individuals may develop their own ethical principles and values that may conflict with those of the larger society.

Question 7

Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as

Accepted Answer

Postconventional reasoning is also known as principled moral reasoning because it involves the person making decisions based on a set of ethical principles rather than just following societal norms or laws. The other options (emotional reasoning, self-reliant reasoning, and autonomous reasoning) do not accurately describe the nature of postconventional reasoning.

Question 8

According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, the most important indicator of an individual's stage of moral reasoning is

Accepted Answer

According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, the most important indicator of an individual's stage of moral reasoning is the reasoning behind the individual's response. This is because the cognitive-developmental perspective suggests that moral reasoning is not just about the outcome or the decision made, but also about the reasoning and thought processes that led to that decision. Therefore, understanding an individual's reasoning is crucial in determining their stage of moral reasoning. Choices A, B, and D do not provide any insight into an individual's reasoning and are not as important as understanding the thought process behind their response.

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of cognitive autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive autonomy involves developing beliefs and values that are rooted in general principles and have an ideological basis, rather than being solely influenced by family values or emotional ties to parents. Abstract thinking about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues may increase rather than decrease during this development, as individuals begin to critically analyze these concepts and form their own conclusions. Emotional distance from parents may or may not occur, depending on the individual and their family dynamics.

Question 10

Which of the following adolescents is likely to be the most susceptible to peer pressure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following adolescents is likely...

Question 11

Adolescents are more likely to engage in problem behaviors if they are

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who are distant from their parents may lack guidance and support, which can lead to increased likelihood of engaging in problem behaviors.

Question 12

One recent brain imaging study that was investigating individual differences in susceptibility to peer pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social evaluation were

Accepted Answer

The study found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social evaluation were less able to resist peer influences.

Question 13

Which of the following adolescents is likely the most susceptible to peer pressure?

Accepted Answer

Gavin, being 14 years old and spending time with friends who use alcohol and shoplift, may be more susceptible to peer pressure as he is at an age where social acceptance and fitting in may be more important. Bethany, although a teenager, seems to have a more independent and individualistic personality, spending time studying or going to the movies with her friends. Kazimir, being only 11 years old, may not have fully engaged in peer relationships and Toula, although interested in fashion and beauty, does not seem to have a social circle that engages in negative behaviors.

Question 14

Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as

Accepted Answer

Malkhaz is basing his decision on what is socially acceptable and what his peers are doing, which aligns with the conventional stage of moral development. He is not considering personal values or societal norms beyond what is immediately relevant to himself and his social group, which would be indicative of the postconventional stage.

Question 15

As a child, Jose doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of

Accepted Answer

Jose's understanding of ownership and not taking things he wants is an example of moral development, as he is learning and internalizing societal norms and values related to property rights and theft. Peer pressure, moral disengagement, and prosocial behavior are not directly related to Jose's change in understanding.

Question 16

Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents are more likely than others in their age groups to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents are more likely to seek out support and validation from peers, even if those peers are antisocial. They may feel a greater sense of belonging with peers who share similar negative attitudes and behaviors towards authority figures. Spending time with friends under adult supervision or obeying parents' rules are not typical behaviors associated with adolescents who have strained relationships with their parents. Sibling relationships may or may not be affected by the quality of their relationship with their parents.

Question 17

Research suggests that adolescents ________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents whose parents become more authoritarian over time are more likely to be susceptible to peer pressure, as authoritarian parenting can undermine their ability to resist external influences by not fostering a sense of autonomy and decision-making skills.

Question 18

Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) is likely to have a heightened susceptibility to peer pressure?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that White male adolescents are often more susceptible to peer pressure compared to their female and Black counterparts, possibly due to social and cultural factors that influence their behavior and decision-making processes.

Question 19

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes shifts in

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses on how individuals' thinking processes change and develop over time. One key aspect of this is the way in which individuals reason and make decisions, which shifts from concrete operational thinking to formal operational thinking. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. While Piaget's theory also addresses moral reasoning and action, they are not the primary focus of his cognitive development theory.

Question 20

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents function at the conventional level of moral reasoning, which is focused on conforming to social norms and fulfilling expectations of others. This level is characterized by a desire to maintain authority, social order, and respect for others.

Quiz 9: Autonomy