Question 1

Reintegrative shaming encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds,experience shame because of the harm they caused,and then be re-included in society.Which theorist advanced this?

Accepted Answer

John Braithwaite advanced the theory of reintegrative shaming, which emphasizes the importance of shaming offenders in a way that encourages them to take responsibility for their actions, make amends, and be integrated back into society, rather than being excluded or stigmatized.

Question 2

Left realists take the view that the poor are doubly abused by __________ and ____________.

Accepted Answer

Left realists argue that the poor are marginalized and oppressed by the economic structures of the capitalist system, but are also victimized by high levels of crime and violence within their own communities. Therefore, the answer is C - the capitalist system and their own class (community).

Question 3

Consider the relationship between patriarchy,powerlessness and crime.When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure,they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo;such acts may involve:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the relationship between patriarchy,powerlessness and crime.When...

Question 4

A number of concerns have been waged against restorative justice.What statement is false?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice has been criticized for some potential drawbacks, but ignoring the short-term needs of victims and offenders is not one of them. In fact, restorative justice focuses on addressing immediate harm caused by the offending behavior and meeting the needs of victims and offenders involved in a given incident. Instead, critics argue that restorative justice does not always adequately consider cultural and social differences that may affect perceptions of justice or that it is viewed as a social movement rather than a method of effective rehabilitation. Finally, restorative justice must balance the needs of both victims and offenders rather than favoring one over the other.

Question 5

Rather than punishment and prison,peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as:

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking scholars argue that the criminal justice system has become too focused on punishment and retribution, and instead advocate for alternative methods of resolving conflicts and addressing crime. Mediation and conflict resolution emphasize communication and understanding between parties, and can lead to more long-term solutions than simple punishment. Counseling and probation focus on addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior, rather than merely punishing the behavior itself. Stigmatization and deterrence are still forms of punishment, and fines and detention are still seen as reactive measures rather than proactive ones.

Question 6

Smeulers and Haveman believe war crimes,crimes against humanity,genocide and other human rights violations merit more attention and have labeled the specialization supranational criminology.

Accepted Answer

Smeulers and Haveman do believe that war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and other human rights violations merit more attention and have coined the term "supranational criminology" to refer to this specialization.

Question 7

Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Research has supported the idea that females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than their brothers, which is an essential element of power-control theory. This fear may lead to lower levels of delinquent behavior among females in paternalistic households.

Question 8

In his Masculinities and Crime,what did Messerschmidt call men's struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In his Masculinities and Crime,what did Messerschmidt...

Question 9

In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and the workplace?

Accepted Answer

In egalitarian families, both husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace. This means that decision-making, responsibilities, and household chores are shared equally between the partners. It is based on the principle of equality and mutual respect rather than traditional gender roles. Matriarchal families are headed by women, while patriarchal families are headed by men. Paternalistic families are characterized by a hierarchy where the father or male figure is seen as the head of the household and makes most of the decisions.

Question 10

Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Accepted Answer

Globalization refers to the interconnectedness of countries and economies in a globalized world. However, it has been criticized for creating economic domination and oppression, particularly for poorer countries and marginalized communities. This has led many to argue that globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Question 11

Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the elite members of society.

Accepted Answer

Instrumentalists believe that the criminal law and criminal justice system are used to control all members of society, not just the elite. They see it as a tool that reinforces social norms and maintains social order for everyone.

Question 12

Sentencing circles emerged from ________ culture;they require people accused of breaking the law to meet with community members,victims,village elders,and agents of the justice system.

Accepted Answer

Sentencing circles are a traditional method of justice in many Native American cultures, particularly in Canada and the United States. The circles focus on healing and restoration rather than punishment, and involve the community in the process of resolving conflicts and repairing harm caused by crime.

Question 13

Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that a society's mode of production, which includes the means of production and the social relations of production, shapes the rest of its social structure and culture. He argued that economic factors were the primary driver of historical change and that a change in the mode of production could lead to a revolution and the establishment of a new social order.

Question 14

Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior?

Accepted Answer

Running away from home is a clear example of role exit behavior, as it involves leaving behind a particular social role (that of a family member) and abandoning the associated responsibilities and expectations. Choices B, C, and D are not examples of role exit behavior. Hanging out with deviant peers and shoplifting are examples of deviant behavior, but they do not necessarily involve a departure from a specific social role, and living in an egalitarian family does not involve any significant change in roles or role-related behavior.

Question 15

Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame.What is known about shame?

Accepted Answer

Stigmatization, which labels and isolates offenders, often fails as it doesn't encourage reintegration into society, whereas restorative justice aims to use shame constructively to promote accountability and healing.

Question 16

One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice aims to bring together the needs of offenders and victims, which can be a difficult task. It involves addressing the harm caused by the offense and providing opportunities for offenders to make amends and for victims to feel heard and validated. Balancing these needs requires a sensitive and individualized approach that takes into account the specific circumstances of each case. Restorative justice also recognizes that punishment alone is not enough to address the harm caused by crime, and that rehabilitation and reintegration are important components of the justice process. This approach prioritizes the needs and experiences of those directly impacted by crime, while still holding offenders accountable for their actions.

Question 17

Denying citizens basic civil rights and routinely using hard labor and torture to punish political dissidents are human rights violations.

Accepted Answer

Denying citizens basic civil rights and routinely using hard labor and torture to punish political dissidents are indeed human rights violations. These violations are recognized by international human rights laws and standards, and governments have an obligation to prevent and address them.

Question 18

Which theory draws its inspiration from Quakerism and Zen?

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking theory draws its inspiration from Quakerism and Zen, emphasizing non-violence, compassion, and reconciliation in addressing crime and conflict.

Question 19

The concept that capitalists control the labor of workers while men control women both economically and biologically is referred to as _________ and explains why females in a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than males.

Accepted Answer

The concept of "double marginality" involves the intersecting oppressions faced by women in capitalist society, where they are marginalized economically by capitalists and biologically by men. This concept helps to explain why female crime rates are lower than male crime rates, as women are less likely to have the economic and social opportunities that lead to criminal behavior. The other answer choices are not directly related to the concept described.

Question 20

Restorative processes generally include all but which of the following basic elements?

Accepted Answer

Restorative processes typically involve addressing the harm caused to both the victim and the community, as well as the offender taking responsibility and making restitution. Therefore, the element of determining community support and assistance for the victim only would not be considered a basic element of restorative processes.

Quiz 8: Social Conflict, critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice