Question 1

According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland,______________crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Accepted Answer

Edwin Sutherland coined the term "white-collar crime" to refer to illegal activities committed by people in respectable, high-status positions in the course of their employment or financial affairs. This type of crime is also known as occupational or corporate crime. The other options (A, B, and D) do not accurately describe Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime.

Question 2

The most important gender difference in arrest rates are reflected in the proportionately greater involvement of men in major crimes.In 2009,men accounted for almost______________percent of violent crime in the United States.

Accepted Answer

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2009 men accounted for 80.9% of arrests for violent crime in the United States, making option D (81) the correct choice.

Question 3

______________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question best fits the concept of organized crime, which involves groups or networks that engage in illegal activities for financial gain. Political crime refers to illegal actions taken by individuals or entities to achieve political goals, corporate crime involves illegal actions taken by companies or corporations, and occupational or white-collar crime refers to non-violent crimes committed by individuals in their professional capacity.

Question 4

In 2011,______________accounted for about 69 percent of all arrests for property crimes and about 58 percent of arrests for violent crimes.

Accepted Answer

According to FBI crime statistics from 2011, Whites accounted for about 69 percent of all arrests for property crimes and about 58 percent of arrests for violent crimes.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an example of corporate crime?

Accepted Answer

Drug trafficking is a criminal offense committed by individuals, not corporations. The other options are all examples of corporate crime.

Question 6

Of all factors associated with crime,the age of the offender is one of the most significant.Arrest rates for index crimes are highest for people between the ages of:

Accepted Answer

According to the statement, arrest rates for index crimes are highest for people between the ages of 13 and 25, making them the most significant age group associated with crime.

Question 7

Historically,punishment has had four major goals.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

Accepted Answer

The four major goals of punishment historically are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. "Reconstruction" is not one of the traditional goals of punishment.

Question 8

Four types of political deviance have been attributed to some government officials.Which of the following is NOT one of these types?

Accepted Answer

The three types of political deviance attributed to government officials are secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public opinion, abuse of power, and prosecution of individuals due to their political activities. Political assassination is not considered a type of political deviance attributed to government officials, as it is an extreme and illegal act carried out by individuals or groups outside of the government.

Question 9

The image of police departments may change as greater emphasis is placed on______________.This is an approach to law enforcement in which officers maintain a presence in neighborhood settings such as walking up and down the streets or riding bicycles,getting to know people,and holding public service meetings at schools and churches.

Accepted Answer

Community-oriented policing emphasizes building relationships and trust between police officers and the community they serve. This approach focuses on problem solving, rather than solely on enforcement, and involves working closely with community members to identify and address local issues. This can help to improve the image of police departments and foster a sense of mutual respect and cooperation between law enforcement and the public.

Question 10

In the late 1980s,several top Pentagon officials were found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified information on to major defense contractors that had garnered many lucrative contracts from the government.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the late 1980s,several top Pentagon officials...

Question 11

______________ is the calculated,unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government,organization,or individual for the purpose of gaining some political,religious,economic,or social objective.

Accepted Answer

The definition best describes terrorism, which involves using violence or threats of violence to achieve a political, religious, economic, or social objective. White collar crime, property crime, and victimless crime do not involve the use of force or threats of violence.

Question 12

Persons from______________socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to be arrested for violent and property crimes.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and be arrested for violent and property crimes. Factors such as poverty, lack of education and employment opportunities, and exposure to violence and crime in their neighborhood can contribute to this correlation.

Question 13

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)was developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics as an alternate means of collecting crime statistics.The most recent (NCVS)indicates that victimization rates for violent crime______________between 2010 and 2011.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)was developed...

Question 14

______________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support.

Accepted Answer

Corporate crime is committed by an organization's employees with the support of the organization. It includes crimes such as embezzlement, fraud, environmental violations, and other illegal activities committed for financial gain or to benefit the organization.

Question 15

About______________percent of criminal cases are never tried in courts;instead,they are resolved by plea bargaining,a process in which the prosecution negotiates a reduced sentence for the accused in exchange for a guilty plea.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that approximately 90% of criminal cases are resolved through plea bargaining rather than going to trial.

Question 16

______________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers,prosecutors,judges,and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

Accepted Answer

Discretion allows criminal justice officials to make decisions based on their professional judgement and experience in a given situation. This can be important in making decisions that best serve the interests of justice while also taking into account individual circumstances and factors that may impact the outcome of a given case. Optional processing may also involve choices made by criminal justice officials, but is generally used to describe situations where certain cases or offenses may be treated differently based on factors such as the offender's age, background, and previous criminal history. Reasonable suspicion and probable cause are legal standards that apply to specific aspects of criminal investigations and arrests, but do not necessarily involve discretionary decision-making by criminal justice officials.

Question 17

The term______________refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials,or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement,undermine the government,or overthrow it.

Accepted Answer

The term described in the question is political crime, which involves illegal or unethical acts related to the use or abuse of power by government officials or individuals seeking to undermine or overthrow the government. Option A (occupational crime) refers to illegal acts committed by individuals in their professional or work-related capacity, Option C (legislative crime) is not a commonly used term, and Option D (corporate crime) refers to illegal or unethical acts committed by corporations or businesses.

Question 18

Premeditated,continuous illegal activities of organized crime include all of the following activities EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Pre-meditated, continuous illegal activities of organized crime usually involve drug trafficking, prostitution, and money laundering. Insider trading, however, is not typically considered a part of organized crime activities. It refers to the illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to gain an unfair advantage, which is usually carried out by individuals rather than organized groups. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 19

All of the following are considered "victimless" crimes EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Manslaughter is not considered a victimless crime as it involves the death of another person. Prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal pornography are all considered victimless crimes as they involve consensual activities among adults where no one is harmed against their will.

Question 20

______________ is any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty)because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is the specific action or consequence directed at a person who has committed an offense or violated a law. It can involve deprivation of liberty, property, or other valuable assets in response to the offense committed. Retribution and retaliation are similar in that they involve harm or suffering, but they may not be formally recognized or authorized by a legal system. Societal revenge is not a formal concept and does not reflect a specific legal or ethical framework for dealing with wrongdoing.

Quiz 7: Deviance and Crime