Question 1

Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because

Accepted Answer

Theories of development are based on scientific research and empirical evidence, while opinions are typically based on personal beliefs or subjective experiences. Theories aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of development, but they are not necessarily proven to be true and can continue to evolve as new research emerges. Theories may also be more abstract than opinions, but this is not the primary reason that they differ from opinions.

Question 2

Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a function of reciprocal influences,both from within the person and from the external environment are called

Accepted Answer

Multidimensional models take into account the reciprocal influences from both within the person and from the external environment, which includes multiple dimensions such as physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Incremental models focus on gradual changes, stage models suggest development occurs in discrete stages, and information-processing models focus on the mental processes involved in cognitive development.

Question 3

Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework,which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory proposes that successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. It is not necessary to completely resolve an earlier stage before progressing to a later one. The Oedipal crisis is specifically related to Freud's psychosexual development theory, not Erikson's psychosocial theory. There is no evidence to support the idea that highly intelligent individuals can skip stages or progress at a faster rate.

Question 4

Mrs.Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults.Karen,a lonely young professional woman,talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend.The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically.Mrs.Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity.What would operant learning theory predict about Karen's behavior in the next group session?

Accepted Answer

According to operant learning theory, behavior is shaped by consequences that follow it. Karen has previously received attention and support from the group members, and Mrs. Washington has shown concern and sensitivity towards her. This positive reinforcement is likely to increase the probability of Karen's self-disclosure in the future group sessions. Therefore, Karen will speak openly because she has previously received attention and support.

Question 5

Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior,cognition,or social relationships.

Accepted Answer

Stage theories of development describe qualitative changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. Qualitative changes refer to transformations in the individual's way of thinking, behaving, or relating to others that are fundamentally different from the preceding stage. In contrast, quantitative changes refer to changes in degree or amount without any real change in the underlying nature of the phenomenon. Incremental changes refer to changes that occur gradually and continuously, whereas cumulative changes refer to changes that result from the accumulation of small changes over time.

Question 6

Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a continuous process are called

Accepted Answer

Incremental models assume that change occurs gradually and continuously rather than in distinct stages or steps. This view suggests that development is a continuous, ongoing process rather than a series of separate stages or steps.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory about three aspects of adult personality.According to Freud,which of these aspects is the last to emerge during development?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the superego is the last to emerge during development. The superego represents the moral and ethical standards of an individual, and it develops during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, which occurs between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. Prior to the development of the superego, the id (representing primitive and instinctual desires) and the ego (representing the rational and logical aspect of personality) have already emerged.

Question 8

Mrs.Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling session for single young adults.Karen,a lonely young professional woman,talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend.The other group members listen patiently and respond empathically.Mrs.Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity.What would social learning theorists predict about the behavior of others in the group in the next session?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behavior by observing others and the consequences of their behavior. In this scenario, the positive response that Karen receives from the group members may encourage them to self-disclose in the future, as they have observed the positive outcome of Karen's behavior. This reflects the principles of vicarious reinforcement, where individuals learn through observing and imitating the behavior of others who are rewarded for their actions. Therefore, Group members will be encouraged to self-disclose after observing the positive way Karen's self-disclosure was received.

Question 9

Models of development based on assumptions that change typically occurs in shifts between periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called

Accepted Answer

Stage models are based on the assumption that development occurs in a series of distinct, qualitative stages or periods, and that progress is marked by significant shifts or transitions between these stages. This is in contrast to incremental models, which posit continuous, gradual change over time; multidimensional models, which emphasize the complex interactions of various factors in shaping development; and information-processing models, which focus on cognitive processes underlying behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief about intelligence?

Accepted Answer

The counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems likely believes that intelligence can be increased through effort and practice, which is consistent with an incrementalist belief about intelligence. The other options do not necessarily reflect an incrementalist belief.

Question 11

Dr.Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy.Using the model of reflective practice described in Chapter 1,what is the sequence of steps he should use in order to work with this client effectively?

Accepted Answer

The reflective practice model suggests starting with reflecting on established theories and applying them to the client's case. This is followed by testing out new ideas if the prior theory does not suffice. This approach allows for a holistic understanding of the client's problem, while also being grounded in research-backed theories. Applying personal experience or experimenting without a theoretical basis may lead to ineffective or harmful therapy.

Question 12

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with stage theory of development?

Accepted Answer

Discontinuity is the term most closely associated with stage theory of development, which posits that development occurs in distinct, qualitatively different stages rather than in a continuous, gradual manner.

Question 13

Based on Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages,what is the positive outcome of the industry versus inferiority stage that typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12?

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, the positive outcome of the industry versus inferiority stage is competence. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12, and it is during this stage that children develop a sense of competence and mastery over tasks and skills, which leads to a positive self-image and confidence in their abilities.

Question 14

In Bronfenbrenner's model,proximal processes refer to

Accepted Answer

Proximal processes refer to the reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment, which can lead to positive developmental outcomes. These interactions can occur at different levels, such as the individual's relationships with parents, peers, or teachers, and involve various activities, such as play, learning, or problem-solving. Proximal processes are considered fundamental to development because they provide the opportunities and challenges that promote the acquisition of skills, knowledge, and values that are important for adaptation and well-being. Therefore, choice C is the best answer, whereas the other options do not accurately capture the concept of proximal processes or Bronfenbrenner's model.

Question 15

Theoretical models that portray development as a continuous process emphasize which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Theoretical models that portray development as a continuous process emphasize incremental change, meaning that development occurs gradually and steadily over time rather than in distinct stages or steps. Periods of stability may still exist within a continuous model, but they are seen as temporary plateaus rather than definitive stages.

Question 16

Which one of the following theorists emphasized continuity in development?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's theory of social learning emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, suggesting a continuous process of learning and development through interaction with the environment and others.

Question 17

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition).Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)?

Accepted Answer

The concrete operational stage, which occurs between ages 7 and 12, is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects. Children in this stage are able to perform mental operations on physical objects and can understand concepts such as conservation and reversibility. They also begin to grasp the concept of cause and effect, but their thinking is still limited to concrete, tangible experiences rather than abstract or hypothetical situations. This stage is commonly associated with the years of elementary and middle school.

Question 18

In Bronfenbrenner's multidimensional model of development,what aspect of the environment has the most immediate influence on a child's development?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem refers to the child's immediate environment, including their family, school, and peer group, which has the most direct and immediate influence on the child's development. The mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem have more indirect and overarching influences on the child's development.

Question 19

According to life span developmental theory,which of the following individuals has the greatest need for resources supplied by their culture in order to maintain a high level of functioning?

Accepted Answer

According to life span developmental theory, older adults, such as retired individuals, often require more cultural resources to maintain a high level of functioning due to age-related declines in physical and cognitive abilities.

Question 20

A child at school performs a behavior such as being the quietest one in her group.This behavior,an operant,is followed by something that makes the child feel rewarded-being selected to go to recess first.The reward is also called which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is a consequence that follows a behavior which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. In this case, the child's behavior of being quiet was followed by the reward of being selected to go to recess first, which serves as positive reinforcement for the behavior. Choice B) Respondent refers to behavior that is elicited automatically by a stimulus, such as a reflex. Choice C) Conditioned stimulus and D) Conditioned response refer to aspects of classical conditioning, which is different from the operant learning scenario described in the question.

Quiz 1: Organizing Themes in Development