Question 1

The nurse is preparing an educational program on risk factors for the development of prostate cancer.Which information will the nurse include as being the greatest risk factor for developing prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 60. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
B) The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 60. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
C) The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 60. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
D) The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 60. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.

Question 2

Which hormone(s)is (are)believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

Androgens, specifically testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are believed to play a role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. This is why androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is often used as a treatment option for advanced prostate cancer.

Question 3

The nurse is planning care for a client scheduled for a prostatectomy.The client's spouse wants to know if the client will have any limitations after the surgery.Which complications is the client likely to have that should be incorporated into his plan of care? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for sexual dysfunction and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
B)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
C)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
D)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
E)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.

Question 4

A nurse educator is teaching a group of parents how to prevent a sickle cell crisis in the child with sickle cell disease.What precipitating factors that could contribute to a sickle cell crisis should the nurse teach the parents? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
B)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
C)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
D)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
E)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.

Question 5

A 73-year-old man was just diagnosed with stage II prostate cancer.The client's wife hears the word "cancer" and immediately begins crying.She says,"How long does he have to live?" Which response by the nurse is appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
B)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
C)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
D)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.

Question 6

What is the primary reason that prostate cancer rarely metastasizes to the bowel?

Accepted Answer

The Denonvilliers fascia is a fibrous layer that separates the prostate gland from the rectum. It acts as a physical barrier that makes it difficult for prostate cancer cells to metastasize to the bowel. Therefore, prostate cancer rarely spreads to the bowel.

Question 7

The client with lung cancer who presents with dysphagia likely has a tumor located where?

Accepted Answer

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom of lung cancer when the tumor is located near or invading the esophagus. This can lead to obstruction or compression of the esophagus, making it difficult for food and liquids to pass through. Tumors located in other areas such as by the trachea (A), mediastinum (C), or pleura (D) are less likely to cause dysphagia.

Question 8

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with sickle cell disease who is being admitted with splenic sequestration crisis.Which room would be the most appropriate for this client?

Accepted Answer

A private room would be the most appropriate for a client with sickle cell disease who is being admitted with splenic sequestration crisis. This is because clients with sickle cell disease are at a higher risk for infection and a private room would help to minimize exposure to pathogens. Additionally, clients with splenic sequestration crisis may require blood transfusions, and a private room would provide the necessary privacy for transfusion administration.

Question 9

While receiving discharge teaching,an adult client recovering from a prostatectomy is distressed to learn that episodes of incontinence may occur.Which should the nurse teach the client to help minimize incontinence?

Accepted Answer

Kegel exercises can help strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor, which can aid in controlling urinary incontinence. Medications for incontinence may be helpful, but the question does not indicate that the client has been prescribed medication at this time. Changing the Foley catheter bag every day is important for hygiene purposes, but it will not necessarily prevent episodes of incontinence. Fluid restriction may be helpful in reducing the frequency of urination, but it is not a recommended solution for managing incontinence.

Question 10

A client in sickle cell crisis reports taking a recent skiing trip that caused a respiratory infection from the cold weather.The client reports a pain level of 8 on a pain scale from 1 to 10.Which nursing diagnosis is a priority for this client?

Accepted Answer

A)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
B)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
C)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
D)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.

Question 11

A nurse is screening a client for prostate cancer.Which assessment findings would cause the nurse to suspect that the client has prostate cancer? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A) Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
B) Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
C) Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
D) Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
E) Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.

Question 12

A nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about the risk factors for prostate cancer.Which statement will the nursing instructor include?

Accepted Answer

According to the American Cancer Society, approximately one in eight men ages 70 and older will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. Option A is incorrect as African American men have a higher risk for developing prostate cancer than white men. Option B is also incorrect as African American men have the highest risk for developing prostate cancer, followed by Caribbean men and then Caucasians. Option D is partly correct as some studies have suggested that a diet high in dairy products may increase a man's risk for developing prostate cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this.

Question 13

A client is admitted to the emergency department in a sickle cell crisis.The nurse assesses the client and documents the following clinical findings: temperature 102°F,O₂ saturation of 89%,and complaints of severe abdominal pain.Based on the assessment findings,which intervention is the greatest priority?

Accepted Answer

The client's low oxygen saturation of 89% indicates that they are not getting enough oxygen to their body tissues, which can worsen their sickle cell crisis. Therefore, the priority intervention would be to apply oxygen via nasal cannula at 3 L/minute to improve oxygenation. While assessing peripheral pulses and administering pain medication and fever reducer are important interventions, they are not the highest priority in this situation.

Question 14

The nurse is assessing a client for symptoms of prostate cancer.Which symptoms would indicate the client is experiencing an enlarged prostate? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
B)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
C)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
D)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
E)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.

Question 15

Parents of a newborn infant are concerned that their baby may have sickle cell disease.The nurse reviews the medical record and finds that both parents have the sickle cell trait.Which is the best response for the nurse to give the parents?

Accepted Answer

A)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
B)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
C)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
D)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.

Question 16

A client with prostate cancer is being discharged from the hospital.Which educational topic is inappropriate for this client?

Accepted Answer

Providing information on doses of complementary herbs is inappropriate because the use of herbal remedies can interact with medical treatments and medications, and should be discussed with the healthcare provider before using them. The other options are appropriate education topics for a client with prostate cancer.

Question 17

The nurse is caring for a 42-year-old male client who was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer.What characteristic of the prostate cancer does the nurse need to be aware of for a client of this age compared to older men with prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
B)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
C)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
D)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.

Question 18

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to an older adult client with lung cancer.What changes in activities of daily living can the nurse suggest to help the older adult maintain independence?

Accepted Answer

The use of a shower chair can help the older adult maintain independence while also providing safety and stability during bathing. The other options, such as wearing shirts with buttons, using a self-leveling spoon, and wearing shoes with laces, may be helpful adaptations but do not necessarily promote independence.

Question 19

The nurse is caring for a 72-year-old client who was just diagnosed with early stage lung cancer.What is an important independent nursing intervention that can improve the client's prognosis?

Accepted Answer

A)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
B)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
C)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
D)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.

Question 20

What approach is appropriate for interpreting the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)level as a diagnostic factor for prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

An abnormal PSA level alone is not enough to diagnose prostate cancer. PSA levels can be elevated due to non-cancerous factors such as inflammation or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Therefore, further testing such as a biopsy is needed to confirm a prostate cancer diagnosis. The cutoff point of 4.0 ng/mL is commonly used as a guideline for further testing, but it is not a definitive indicator of cancer.

Quiz 2: Cellular Regulation