Question 1

Which is NOT a stage in the traditional deliberation process?

Accepted Answer

Remediation is not traditionally considered a stage in the deliberation process, which typically involves orientation, conflict, and reconciliation phases.

Question 2

The three stages of a typical jury deliberation are referred to by the authors as:

Accepted Answer

The three stages of a typical jury deliberation as described by the authors are orientation, where jurors become acquainted with each other and the case details; open conflict, where differences in opinion are openly discussed and debated; and reconciliation, where jurors work towards reaching a unanimous decision or a consensus.

Question 3

Which factor is NOT one of the findings of Saks's research on smaller versus larger juries?

Accepted Answer

Saks's research found that larger juries tend to deliberate longer, not less time, compared to smaller juries. This is because larger groups can generate more discussion and consider more perspectives, leading to more thorough deliberations.

Question 4

The research evidence used by the U. S. Supreme Court in _____ to support the departure from 12-person juries appears to be weak as well as misconstrued.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Supreme Court in Williams v. Florida supported the departure from 12-person juries, but the research evidence used for this decision has been criticized as weak and misconstrued.

Question 5

Information that is specifically introduced at trial to damage the credibility of a witness is called _____ evidence.

Accepted Answer

Impeachment evidence is used to challenge the credibility of a witness's testimony, showing reasons why the jury or judge should not believe the witness.

Question 6

According to the text, researchers found that judges accepted the recommendation of a parole officer _____ percent of the time.

Accepted Answer

Researchers found that judges accepted the recommendation of a parole officer 84 percent of the time.

Question 7

Today, women represent about _____ percent of all federally appointed judges in Canada and minorities represent about _____ percent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Today, women represent about _____ percent of...

Question 8

Which statement about research on jury deliberations is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement about research on jury deliberations...

Question 9

The outcome of an experiment in the United States allowing juries to discuss issues in the case while the trial was ongoing can BEST be expressed as:

Accepted Answer

Jurors in the experiment violated the traditional rule of not discussing the case before deliberations, but this behavior did not significantly affect the outcomes of the trials, indicating that such discussions might not compromise the fairness or integrity of the verdicts.

Question 10

In the case of a split jury where half favor "guilty" and the other half favor "not guilty" on the initial vote, it is more likely that the final verdict will be _____. This tendency is referred to as _____ bias.

Accepted Answer

Leniency bias refers to the tendency for jury decisions to skew towards "not guilty" verdicts in cases where the jury is initially split. This is because the burden of proof is on the prosecution, and any doubt tends to favor the defendant.

Question 11

The legal background of most judicial appointments to the Ontario Court of Justice is:

Accepted Answer

Most judicial appointments to the Ontario Court of Justice come from private practice, as it is common for lawyers in private practice to be appointed to the bench.

Question 12

The authors note that a deliberation style that postpones the vote until all the evidence is gone over in detail seems to produce richer, more probing discussions. This style is often called:

Accepted Answer

This style is referred to as "evidence-driven" because it emphasizes thoroughly reviewing all the evidence before making a decision, ensuring that discussions are informed and detailed.

Question 13

Kalven & Zeisels classic study suggests that judges and juries agree on verdicts in about ___ percent of civil and criminal cases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kalven & Zeisels classic study suggests that...

Question 14

Which statement about the research on juror and judge agreement is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Jurors who had previous jury experience were more likely to convict than first-time jurors.

Question 15

Which statement about the instructions juries receive from judges is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Judges do attempt to clarify instructions, but despite these efforts, confusion among jurors can still lead to appeals. The statement implies that clarification effectively prevents appeals, which is not always the case.

Quiz 8: Juries and Judges As Decision Makers