Question 1

Summarize the rough order in which each type of learning develops and which brain substrate(s) they coincide with.

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Question 2

Describe the neural changes seen in the brains of adolescents.

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Question 3

What kinds of changes in neural growth are seen in old age? To what extent are these changes useful in replacing lost neurons?

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Question 4

Imagine that one's friend is about to give birth to her first child. Explain to that friend why she should not spend her money on classical music CDs that claim to improve babies' intelligence.

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Question 5

What evidence suggests a possible link between Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome?

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Question 6

Eyeblink conditioning:

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Infants can learn eyeblink conditioning when delay conditioning is used, as it does not require the same level of cognitive processing as trace conditioning.

Question 7

A fetus is sufficiently developed to start perceiving and learning about sounds by about _____ week(s) gestational age.

Accepted Answer

Fetuses are sufficiently developed to start perceiving and learning about sounds by about 25 weeks gestational age. This is when the auditory system is developed enough to process auditory information.

Question 8

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is about facts and general knowledge, whereas episodic memory is about personal experiences and events.

Question 9

Describe the mechanisms by which amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause problems for neurons in the brain.

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Question 10

What kinds of brain abnormalities are seen in children with Down syndrome? Which of these abnormalities seems to result in memory impairment?

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Question 11

Studies in which infants were conditioned to kick at a mobile to make it move showed that infants:

Accepted Answer

Infants as young as 2 months could learn the response of kicking to make a mobile move, demonstrating early learning and memory capabilities.

Question 12

Gestational age refers to:

Accepted Answer

Gestational age is the time measured from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period to the current date, which is typically used to estimate the time since conception.

Question 13

Describe how sex hormones impact learning and memory in the developing brain.

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Question 14

Explain how sensitive periods are beneficial to learning and memory in the brain.

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Question 15

Discuss the various ways in which genes have been shown to influence the ability to learn.

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Question 16

What are two areas of the brain in which neurons die off in old age? What memory systems are affected by this neural loss?

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Question 17

A physical development that produces gradual improvements in muscle strength and perceptual motor coordination is known as:

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Question 18

Research has demonstrated that humans:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that fetuses can recognize and learn basic sounds and language patterns before birth, indicating prenatal learning capabilities.

Question 19

Describe the processes of neurogenesis, apoptosis, synaptogenesis, and pruning of synapses, and how they all impact learning.

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Question 20

Suppose one's grandmother wants to know whether doing crossword puzzles every day will help her avoid developing Alzheimer's disease. What should one tell her?

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Quiz 12: Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan