Question 1

Which memory is an example of a flashbulb memory?

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of significant events. Remembering the birth of one's first child fits this description, as it is typically a highly emotional and memorable experience.

Question 2

Depressed people are more likely to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant memories. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of mood congruency of memory, where individuals are more likely to remember information that is congruent with their current mood. In this case, depressed individuals are more likely to recall unpleasant memories, aligning with their negative mood state.

Question 3

People who listen to an emotional narrative while watching an accompanying slide show remember the pictures from the:

Accepted Answer

Emotional content enhances memory retention, making people more likely to remember pictures associated with emotional parts of a narrative. This is due to the emotional arousal which enhances the consolidation of memories.

Question 4

Which statement is an example of mood congruency of memory?

Accepted Answer

Mood congruency of memory refers to the phenomenon where an individual's current mood or affective state influences the recall of memories that are congruent with that mood. Therefore, if one is upset (a negative mood), they are more likely to remember unpleasant (negative) material better, which aligns with choice A.

Question 5

Strong and vivid memories for highly emotional events are called:

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of significant or highly emotional events, often remembered with a sense of clarity akin to a photograph.

Question 6

According to cognitive expectancy theories of avoidance, animals make a decision based on:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive expectancy theories of avoidance suggest that animals (and humans) make decisions based on a comparison of expected outcomes, meaning they weigh the potential results of their actions before deciding on a course of action.

Question 7

Which statement is TRUE regarding flashbulb memories?

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories, while vivid and detailed, can become less accurate over time due to the process of rehearsing and discussing the event, which can introduce inaccuracies.

Question 8

Hannah successfully solved several problems in her math class. She was then given some very difficult problems that she could not solve. The research on learned helplessness suggests that if Hannah is then given some easier problems to try to solve, she will:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hannah successfully solved several problems in her...

Question 9

Five-year-old Julian has learned that loud thunder usually follows a bolt of lightning. As soon as he sees lightning, he covers his ears to avoid the loud thunder. According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, covering his ears is reinforced because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Five-year-old Julian has learned that loud thunder...

Question 10

According to Seligman's research on learned helplessness, one way to help "immunize" people from becoming depressed would be to:

Accepted Answer

Seligman's research on learned helplessness suggests that experiencing and overcoming adversities early in life can help individuals develop resilience, which in turn can "immunize" them against developing learned helplessness and depression later in life. This is because overcoming challenges can teach coping skills and foster a sense of mastery and control.

Question 11

Noah once failed a class taught by a particular professor. He now refuses to take another class with that professor and seeks out other professors who teach the classes he needs. Noah is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Noah is demonstrating conditioned avoidance, where he has learned to avoid a specific stimulus (the professor) that is associated with an unpleasant experience (failing a class). This behavior is a form of learning where he adapts to prevent experiencing a similar negative outcome in the future.

Question 12

When researchers exposed dogs to an inescapable shock and then put the dogs in a situation in which they could escape the shock, the dogs:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as "learned helplessness," where the dogs, having been exposed to an inescapable shock, do not attempt to escape when it becomes possible. They have learned from their previous experience that they have no control over the situation, leading them to not try to escape even when it is possible.

Question 13

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, the first stage of avoidance learning involves _____ and then the avoidance response involves _____.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of avoidance learning posits that the process involves two stages: initially, classical conditioning occurs where a conditioned emotional response (fear) is developed towards a conditioned stimulus (CS), and subsequently, the avoidance behavior is reinforced because it prevents or reduces the conditioned emotional response (fear), thus reinforcing avoidance of the fear-conditioned response (CR).

Question 14

What is the phenomenon in which exposure to an uncontrollable punisher reduces the chance that an organism will try to make an avoidance response?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is the phenomenon where an organism, after experiencing an uncontrollable event or punishment, learns to believe that it has no control over the situation and therefore stops trying to change or escape from it.

Question 15

The hippocampus and cingulate cortex play major roles in emotions along with the thalamus, which is where sensory information enters the brain, and the hypothalamus, which regulates the response to emotion. This loop was known as yjr:

Accepted Answer

The Papez circuit is a neural circuit for the control of emotional expression, involving the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus, fitting the description provided.

Question 16

Flashbulb memories:

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are remembered with high confidence, although this confidence does not necessarily mean the memories are accurate or immune to inconsistencies. They are vivid, detailed memories of significant events, but research has shown that they can be as susceptible to distortion and forgetting as other types of memories.

Question 17

Human depression seems to involve:

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a psychological condition where individuals feel unable to control or change a situation, often linked to depression.

Question 18

_____ is a psychiatric condition that involves sadness as well as general loss of initiative and activity.

Accepted Answer

Depression is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities, along with a range of other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and loss of energy.

Question 19

When Talarico and Rubin (2003) studied students' memories of 9/11, they found that the students:

Accepted Answer

The study found that students' memories of 9/11 faded over time, with fewer details remembered as time passed.

Question 20

A problem for the two-factor theory of avoidance learning is that:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of avoidance learning suggests that the avoidance behavior is maintained through negative reinforcement, which should theoretically make it susceptible to extinction when the aversive stimulus is no longer present. However, in practice, avoidance behaviors are notably resistant to extinction, posing a challenge to the theory.

Quiz 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory