Question 1

A system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers is known as the risk-benefit ratio.

Accepted Answer

The risk-benefit ratio refers to the comparison of the risk of harm to the participants against the potential benefits of the research, not a system of mutual obligation.

Question 2

Which of the following may enable one to address the same issue without as much of an ethics problem?

Accepted Answer

Simulations can address issues by creating virtual models or scenarios, thus avoiding or minimizing ethical concerns that might arise from real-world interventions or experiments.

Question 3

Professional ethics may be regulated by codes of ethics,institutional review boards,the courts,professions,and the government.

Accepted Answer

Professional ethics are indeed regulated by various mechanisms including codes of ethics specific to professions, institutional review boards (especially in research contexts), the courts (through legal judgments and interpretations), professional bodies (which may set and enforce standards), and government regulations or laws.

Question 4

Since social and behavioral research rarely puts subjects at risk,ethics is only of nominal concern.

Accepted Answer

Social and behavioral research can involve significant ethical concerns, such as privacy, confidentiality, and psychological harm, making ethics a critical aspect of study design and conduct.

Question 5

The targets or subject matter of research may include the criminal,the victim,the criminal justice system,and practitioners.

Accepted Answer

Research in the field of criminal justice can indeed focus on various subjects including the criminal (offender), the victim, the criminal justice system itself (including law enforcement, courts, and corrections), and practitioners (such as police officers, lawyers, and judges) to understand behaviors, patterns, systemic issues, and to develop better policies and practices.

Question 6

According to the text,which of the following is one way of avoiding ethical problems when conducting research?

Accepted Answer

Carefully considering alternate means of data gathering can help researchers avoid ethical issues by ensuring that the methods used are appropriate and respectful of participants' rights and well-being.

Question 7

Since 1980,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the DHEW.

Accepted Answer

Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the Belmont Report, which was published by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

Question 8

The Ofshe Report reviewed Health,Education,and Welfare guidelines,altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research.

Accepted Answer

The Ofshe Report criticized the existing Health, Education, and Welfare guidelines for being too lenient and recommended stricter standards for informed consent in field research, not looser ones.

Question 9

The Lucifer Effect is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions.

Accepted Answer

The Lucifer Effect, coined by psychologist Philip Zimbardo, describes how certain situations and social structures can lead individuals to commit acts they would not normally consider, effectively transforming good people into perpetrators of evil.

Question 10

Shield laws protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.

Accepted Answer

Shield laws protect journalists, not researchers, from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.

Question 11

As a general rule,in the name of science,researchers should not conduct studies that may be harmful to subjects,particularly if the potential harm has not been explained to the subjects and their informed consent elicited.

Accepted Answer

Ethical guidelines in research, such as those outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, emphasize the importance of obtaining informed consent from participants and minimizing harm, ensuring that the benefits of research outweigh the risks.

Question 12

Historically,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States was the DHHS.

Accepted Answer

The most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has historically been the Belmont Report, which outlines ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects.

Question 13

Research fraud occurs when the subjects being studied are dishonest in their behavior.

Accepted Answer

Research fraud refers to misconduct by the researchers themselves, such as fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing data, not the dishonesty of study subjects.

Question 14

NIJ's Regulation on Confidentiality protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research or statistical information that might identify them.

Accepted Answer

The NIJ's Regulation on Confidentiality is designed to protect individuals' privacy by prohibiting the use of any research or statistical information in a manner that could identify them, ensuring their information remains confidential.

Question 15

Plagiarism is a type of fraud in which the writer presents his or her own ideas or works without proper research documentation.

Accepted Answer

Plagiarism involves presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own, without proper attribution, not the failure to conduct or document research.

Question 16

The role of researcher requires that one be objective and "value free" in approaching and reporting on the subject matter.

Accepted Answer

The role of a researcher is to conduct studies without personal bias or influence, ensuring that findings are based solely on evidence and facts, maintaining objectivity and neutrality.

Question 17

Which of the following is also known as the Weinstein Decision?

Accepted Answer

The Weinstein Decision is also known as the Brajuha Case.

Question 18

The protection of human subject guidelines uses reciprocity wherein the potential benefits must outweigh the possible hazards to respondents.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The protection of human subject guidelines uses...

Question 19

Informed consent is an agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed.

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is a process in which subjects are given comprehensive information about the study, including its purpose, duration, experimental procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, and they agree to participate understanding all these aspects.

Question 20

IRBs are college/university research committees that oversee and ensure ethical research standards.

Accepted Answer

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are committees established by colleges, universities, and other research institutions to review and monitor research involving human subjects, ensuring that ethical standards are met.

Quiz 2: Ethics in Criminal Justice Research