Question 1

_____ is based on the principle of reinforcement and assumes that people will choose actions that maximize rewards and minimize costs.

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory is based on the belief that people will choose actions that increase rewards and minimize costs. It is rooted in behaviorism and is concerned with understanding how individuals interact in order to maximize their individual gains. This theory assumes that individuals are rational and that their actions are based on the rewards and costs associated with different behaviors.

Question 2

Which of the following statements holds true for behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which involves changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the social exchange theory?

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory uses the concept of reinforcement to explain how relationships change, suggesting that people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in their social interactions.

Question 4

Social exchange theory has been criticized because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social exchange theory has been criticized because:
...

Question 5

The operation of matching reflects the fact that:

Accepted Answer

The matching hypothesis suggests that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, including levels of attractiveness.

Question 6

According to the social learning theory, the two processes which are useful in explaining the development of gender identity or one's sense of maleness or femaleness are:

Accepted Answer

The social learning theory suggests that gender identity is learned through imitation and identification with role models, such as parents or media figures. Children observe and copy the behaviors, attitudes, and values associated with their gender, and then identify with those characteristics, eventually developing a sense of themselves as male or female. Therefore, the processes of imitation and identification are the most useful in explaining the development of gender identity, and the other choices are not relevant.

Question 7

Which of the following is true of olfactory aversion therapy?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory aversion therapy involves the patient perceiving the problematic behavior as under their control, as the therapy uses unpleasant smells to create a negative association with the behavior.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of gender schema?

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory proposes that individuals possess cognitive structures, or schemas, that organize and guide the processing of gender-related information. These schemas are developed and reinforced through socialization and experience, and they predispose individuals to process information based on gender. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Question 9

A(n) _____ is defined as a general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic.

Question 10

Which of the following is a behavior modification method based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning that appears to be relatively effective in changing a person's problematic sexual behavior?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory aversion therapy is a behavior modification method that uses aversive conditioning, a principle of classical conditioning, to reduce undesirable behaviors by associating them with unpleasant stimuli.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, recognizing the processes of imitation and identification.

Question 12

_____ is the process of repeatedly pairing a behavior with an aversive stimulus, leading to a decline in the frequency of the behavior.

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the process of repeatedly pairing a behavior with an aversive stimulus, leading to a decline in the frequency of the behavior.

Question 13

In _____, behavior is punished using an unpleasant odor.

Accepted Answer

Olfactory aversion therapy uses an unpleasant odor to punish behavior.

Question 14

Steve regularly surprises his wife, Marcie, with flowers and gifts and always tries to make her feel special by taking her out to fancy restaurants and on holidays.However, Marcie often takes him for granted and does not truly appreciate what he does for her.According to the social exchange theory:

Accepted Answer

According to the social exchange theory, individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships. Steve's efforts are not appreciated by Marcie, indicating that his emotional and possibly financial costs are greater than the rewards he receives from her appreciation or reciprocation.

Question 15

According to social exchange theory, a state of _____ exists when participants in a relationship believe that the rewards they receive from it are proportional to the costs they bear.

Accepted Answer

According to social exchange theory, equity exists when participants in a relationship perceive that the rewards they receive are equal to the costs they bear in the relationship. This leads to a sense of balance and fairness in the relationship, which helps to maintain it over time.

Question 16

The _____ theory was proposed by psychologist Sandra Bem to explain gender-role development and the impact of gender on people's daily lives and thinking.

Accepted Answer

Sandra Bem proposed the gender schema theory, which suggests that people learn about gender roles and cultural expectations through cognitive structures called schemas.

Question 17

Which of the following is a shortcoming of the social exchange theory?

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory focuses on the cost-benefit analysis in relationships and often overlooks altruistic behaviors, where individuals act out of selflessness without expecting a return.

Question 18

The social exchange theory:

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory suggests that people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships, predicting when they might try to change them.

Question 19

Behavior modification:

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification focuses on changing observable behaviors and does not require an in-depth analysis of a person's internal motivations or thoughts.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of cognitive psychology?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding internal mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving, emphasizing the importance of studying how people think and process information.

Quiz 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality