Question 1

Which of the following clusters of symptoms would support a child's diagnosis of glomerulonephritis?
A) Pyuria, fever, and abdominal pain
B) Proteinuria, hypotension, and ascites
C) Dysuria, urinary frequency, and abdominal tenderness
D) Gross hematuria, edema, and hypertension

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to blood and protein leakage into the urine. The symptoms in option D, gross hematuria (blood in urine that can be seen with naked eye), edema (swelling due to fluid accumulation), and hypertension (high blood pressure) are common in glomerulonephritis, indicating kidney damage and dysfunction. Option A describes symptoms of a urinary tract infection, option B describes symptoms of liver disease or heart failure, and option C describes symptoms of cystitis or pelvic inflammatory disease, none of which are typically associated with glomerulonephritis.

Question 2

An infant male has a urethral opening that is located behind the glans. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
A) Anterior epispadias
B) Posterior epispadias
C) Exstrophy of the bladder
D) Bladder outlet obstruction

Accepted Answer

The condition described is anterior epispadias, where the urethral opening is located on the dorsal side of the penis, behind the glans.

Question 3

A 4-year-old male is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following assessment findings accompanies this condition?
A) Proteinuria
B) Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C) Hematuria
D) Sodium loss

Accepted Answer

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by increased proteinuria (loss of protein in urine), which leads to a decreased serum albumin level and generalized edema. BUN and hematuria may or may not be affected, while sodium loss is a possible complication but typically not an initial finding.

Question 4

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. How will the nurse document this condition?
A) Hypospadias
B) Epispadias
C) Hydroureter
D) Cryptorchidism

Accepted Answer

Hypospadias is a condition where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis, which matches the description given.

Question 5

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries. The nurse will monitor for recurrent:
A) infections.
B) hematuria.
C) vomiting.
D) enuresis.

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis can cause damage to the glomeruli (tiny filters) in the kidneys, leading to blood and protein leaking into the urine. The deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries is characteristic of IgA nephropathy, a type of glomerulonephritis. Hematuria (blood in the urine) is a common symptom of IgA nephropathy and should be monitored for recurrence. Recurrent infections, vomiting, and enuresis are not typically associated with IgA nephropathy.

Question 6

What term is used to describe a chronic kidney failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys?
A) Renal dysplasia
B) Renal agenesis
C) Hypoplastic kidney
D) Renal aplasia

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term is used to describe a...

Question 7

Physical examination of a newborn who dies shortly after birth reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. These abnormalities support which diagnosis?
A) Unilateral renal agenesis
B) Potter syndrome
C) Renal aplasia
D) Renal dysplasia

Accepted Answer

The physical examination findings described are consistent with Potter syndrome, a condition that results from severe oligohydramnios (reduced amniotic fluid), which in turn can be caused by various conditions including bilateral renal agenesis (absence of both kidneys). The characteristic facial features seen in this newborn include widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and a receding chin (micrognathia), all of which are associated with Potter syndrome. Renal aplasia (absence of one kidney) or dysplasia (developmental abnormality of the kidney) would not typically present with such characteristic facial features.

Question 8

A 2-year-old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumour. Which clinical condition is often associated with this disease?
A) Cystic disease of the liver
B) Aniridia
C) Anemia
D) Hypothyroidism

Accepted Answer

Wilms tumor is often associated with WAGR syndrome, which includes Aniridia, Genitourinary abnormalities, and Range of developmental delays.

Question 9

A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence. His mother indicates that he has never been continent before. This history supports which form of enuresis?
A) Nocturnal
B) Diurnal
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Accepted Answer

The fact that the patient has never been continent before indicates that this is primary enuresis, meaning that the patient has never achieved at least a 6-month period of being consistently dry. Nocturnal enuresis would involve only nighttime wetting, and diurnal enuresis would involve daytime wetting. Secondary enuresis would involve a return to wetting after a period of at least 6 months of being consistently dry.

Question 10

What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
A) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
B) Vesicourethral reflux
C) Vesicoureteral influx
D) Hydronephrosis

Accepted Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters, which can lead to recurrent UTIs. Options B and C are not correct terms for this condition, and hydronephrosis refers to the swelling of a kidney due to urine buildup.

Question 11

A 6-year-old male diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux is experiencing urine reflux from the urinary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces. This condition would be graded:
A) I.
B) II.
C) III.
D) IV.

Accepted Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux is graded based on the degree of dilation of the ureter and/or calyces, as well as the presence of any associated renal changes. Grade IV reflux involves gross dilation of the ureters and calyces, significant tortuosity of the ureters, and associated renal changes such as parenchymal thinning and/or poor function. This is the most severe form of vesicoureteral reflux, and requires prompt treatment to prevent further renal damage.

Question 12

When a child is admitted with acute kidney failure, a clinician realizes the most common cause of acute kidney failure is:
A) glomerulonephritis.
B) obstruction.
C) nephrotic syndrome.
D) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children, often following an infection with certain strains of E. coli.

Question 13

A nurse observes on the chart that a patient is admitted with Wilms tumours. A nurse knows the tumours are found in the:
A) kidneys.
B) ureters.
C) bladder.
D) urethra.

Accepted Answer

Wilms tumors, also known as nephroblastomas, are a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.

Question 14

In addition to a mass, the child with Wilms tumour may also exhibit which assessment finding? (Select all that apply.)
A) Abdominal swelling
B) Enuresis
C) Hematuria
D) Weight gain
E) Fever

Accepted Answer

Wilms tumor can present with abdominal swelling due to the mass, hematuria from tumor bleeding, and fever as a systemic response. Enuresis and weight gain are not typical findings associated with Wilms tumor.

Question 15

A 7-year-old is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which sign would support this diagnosis?
A) Constipation
B) Vesicular skin rash
C) Frothy urine
D) Jaundice

Accepted Answer

Frothy urine is a common sign of nephrotic syndrome, which occurs due to excessive protein loss in the urine. Constipation, vesicular skin rash, and jaundice are not typically associated with this condition.

Question 16

A 15-year-old presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever and is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. What is the most likely cause of this condition?
A) Poststreptococcal infection
B) Nephropathy
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Potter syndrome

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis is often caused by a poststreptococcal infection, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the kidneys following a strep throat or skin infection.

Question 17

What is the life expectancy of infants who are diagnosed with bilateral renal agenesis expected to be?
A) Death within 1 year of birth
B) A fairly normal, healthy life
C) Death within a few hours of birth
D) Good when anomalies are corrected with surgery

Accepted Answer

Bilateral renal agenesis is a condition where both kidneys fail to develop, leading to a lack of amniotic fluid and underdeveloped lungs, resulting in death shortly after birth.

Question 18

If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed _____ nephrotic syndrome.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) idiopathic

Accepted Answer

The answer of If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially...

Question 19

A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition. The infection was most likely located in the:
A) bone.
B) gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
C) respiratory tract.
D) ear.

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis is often caused by streptococcal infections, which are commonly associated with the respiratory tract, such as strep throat or pneumonia. Therefore, the most likely location of the infection that led to the glomerulonephritis in this case is the respiratory tract.

Quiz 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Which of the following clusters of symptoms would support a child's diagnosis of glomerulonephritis?

An infant male has a urethral opening that is located behind the glans. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?

A 4-year-old male is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following assessment findings accompanies this condition?

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. How will the nurse document this condition?

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries. The nurse will monitor for recurrent:

What term is used to describe a chronic kidney failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys?

Physical examination of a newborn who dies shortly after birth reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. These abnormalities support which diagnosis?

A 2-year-old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumour. Which clinical condition is often associated with this disease?

A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence. His mother indicates that he has never been continent before. This history supports which form of enuresis?

What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) ?

A 6-year-old male diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux is experiencing urine reflux from the urinary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces. This condition would be graded:

When a child is admitted with acute kidney failure, a clinician realizes the most common cause of acute kidney failure is:

A nurse observes on the chart that a patient is admitted with Wilms tumours. A nurse knows the tumours are found in the:

In addition to a mass, the child with Wilms tumour may also exhibit which assessment finding? (Select all that apply.)

A 7-year-old is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which sign would support this diagnosis?

A 15-year-old presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever and is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. What is the most likely cause of this condition?

What is the life expectancy of infants who are diagnosed with bilateral renal agenesis expected to be?

If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed _____ nephrotic syndrome.

A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition. The infection was most likely located in the: