Question 1

Why has Freud's psychodynamic perspective been called into question by modern theorists?

Accepted Answer

Many of Freud's ideas have not been validated by research, leading modern theorists to question the scientific basis of his psychodynamic perspective.

Question 2

According to Sigmund Freud,the series of stages that children progress through in which pleasure and gratification are focused on a particular biological function is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Psychosexual development is a theory proposed by Sigmund Freud that describes the development of personality through a series of stages, each of which is characterized by a particular biological function that is the focus of pleasure and gratification.

Question 3

Who is considered the predominant theorist in the area of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget is considered the predominant theorist in the area of cognitive development, known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Question 4

Freud believed that if children are either unable to gratify themselves during a particular stage of development,or if they are overgratified during a particular stage of development,__________ may occur.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that fixation can occur if a child is either under-gratified or over-gratified during a particular stage, leading to an unresolved conflict that affects their personality.

Question 5

Erik Erikson proposed a __________ theory,which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson proposed a psychosocial theory, which emphasizes the influence of society and culture on individual development.

Question 6

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development,the latency stage spans the majority of time children spend in elementary school.This stage is characterized by __________.

Accepted Answer

During the latency stage, sexual impulses are repressed, and children focus on developing skills and engaging in activities with peers, leading to a lack of concerns related to sexuality.

Question 7

Jean Piaget's perspective on cognitive development assumes that thinking undergoes __________ advances,whereas the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by __________ advantages.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory suggests that cognitive development involves qualitative changes in thinking as children move through different stages. In contrast, the information-processing approach views development as quantitative improvements in processing speed, memory, and knowledge.

Question 8

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes assimilation and accommodation as the two fundamental processes through which children learn and adapt to their environment.

Question 9

As Juanito looks back over his long life,he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments.He can be said to be in Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the stage of ego-integrity vs. despair occurs in late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their life and feel a sense of fulfillment and unity in their accomplishments.

Question 10

__________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is a formal technique that uses reinforcement and punishment to increase desirable behaviors and decrease unwanted ones.

Question 11

What did Jean Piaget call the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget referred to the process of understanding an experience in terms of one's current cognitive stage as "assimilation."

Question 12

Which approach to understanding cognitive development is currently at the forefront of research,utilizing our understanding of genes and brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience is at the forefront of research in cognitive development, as it integrates knowledge of brain activity and genetics to understand how cognitive processes develop.

Question 13

What did Jean Piaget call the process by which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget referred to the process of altering existing cognitive structures or schemes in response to new information or experiences as "accommodation."

Question 14

What model of cognitive development seeks to identify the ways in which individuals take in,access,utilize,and store information?

Accepted Answer

The information processing model focuses on how individuals take in, process, store, and retrieve information, similar to how a computer processes data.

Question 15

Erikson's psychosocial theory differs from Freud's psychoanalytic theory in that Erikson believed that development __________.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory posits that development continues throughout the lifespan, with eight distinct stages from infancy to late adulthood, unlike Freud's theory which focuses more on early childhood.

Question 16

__________ emphasizes the processes that allow people to know,understand,and think about the world.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving, which allow people to understand and interact with the world.

Question 17

Mei Lin learned at a young age that developing good study habits,such as doing her homework,brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school.This kind of encouraging outcome of an action is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is a concept in psychology where a behavior is strengthened or encouraged by a positive outcome or reward, which is what Mei Lin experienced with her study habits and good grades.

Question 18

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The description provided is that of operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior. The other options (A, B, and D) are different perspectives within psychology that don't specifically relate to the given description.

Question 19

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a similar response.

Question 20

Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive learning emphasizes the importance of modeling, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others.

Quiz 1: An Orientation to Lifespan Development