Question 1

Since 15 percent of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a__________.

Accepted Answer

This is a stratified sample, as the sample was chosen to match the proportion of Asian-American students in the university population.

Question 2

Which of the following was proposed by functionalists?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive behavior patterns are a central idea in functionalism, which posits that human behavior is shaped by evolutionary processes that select for behaviors that aid in survival and reproduction. Functionalists argue that these behaviors are learned and maintained through reinforcement, which strengthens the connection between a behavior and its consequences.

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt used__________to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience. Introspection involves looking inward at one's own mental processes and reporting on them. Wundt believed that through careful observation and introspection, the basic elements of experience could be identified and studied scientifically.

Question 4

__________are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

Accepted Answer

Counseling psychologists typically work with clients who are experiencing adjustment issues but do not have serious psychological disorders. Personality psychologists study the characteristics that make individuals unique, while organizational psychologists focus on how individuals behave in work settings. Developmental psychologists study how individuals grow and change over the course of their lives.

Question 5

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

Accepted Answer

The definition provided fits most closely with the role of an industrial psychologist, who study human behavior in the workplace and how it affects productivity, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. Human factors psychologists focus on designing equipment and tools that are easier for people to use, forensic psychologists work within the legal system and evaluate criminals or witnesses, and consumer psychologists study consumer behavior and attitudes towards products and services.

Question 6

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a__________correlation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ned is feeling stressed because of his...

Question 7

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

Accepted Answer

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differed from earlier psychodynamic practitioners by focusing less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction. They believed that the individual's ego played a more important role in shaping their behavior and personality than the unconscious. They also emphasized the influence of social and cultural factors on personality development.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

Accepted Answer

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect. This is done by manipulating one variable, the independent variable, and observing the effects on another variable, the dependent variable, while controlling for other variables through the use of control groups. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect as control groups do not receive the treatment being tested. Option B is incorrect as the experimental method is specifically designed to answer questions about cause and effect. Option C is incorrect as experimental groups do receive the treatment being tested.

Question 9

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists emphasize that people learn by observing others and by intentional learning. They do not believe that human social behavior is solely determined by heredity. While they may have different beliefs about the basic nature of people, they do not necessarily believe that individuals are inherently good or predisposed to ethical conduct. Finally, while some social-cognitive theorists may focus on behavior as their primary area of study, many others also examine mental processes such as cognition and emotion.

Question 10

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

Accepted Answer

William James was a founder of functionalism, which focused on the practical functions of mental processes and behavior, rather than their components or structures. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist, Wilhelm Wundt was a founder of structuralism, and Kurt Koffka was a founder of Gestalt psychology, all of which were different schools of psychology.

Question 11

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

Accepted Answer

The survey method is the best choice for Julie because it allows her to gather information from a large sample of people in a relatively short amount of time. With a questionnaire, she can quickly collect data on the sample group's attitudes toward certain situations. The other methods may take longer to gather data or may not apply to the research question. The placebo method involves giving participants a fake treatment to test the effectiveness of a real treatment. Naturalistic observation involves observing people in their natural environment, which may not be practical for Julie's research. The experimental method involves manipulating variables to test cause-and-effect relationships, which may not be necessary for Julie's research question.

Question 12

The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the factor being measured or observed in an experiment, and is also known as the outcome variable.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. This is their primary focus and responsibility. Counseling psychologists, while they may also deal with clients who have psychological disorders, tend to focus more on emotional, social, and vocational issues that are less severe than those commonly seen in clinical psychology. School psychologists work within school systems to help individual children, as well as develop and implement instructional methods that help students learn and succeed. Health psychologists typically focus on how psychological factors can affect physical health and wellbeing, and may work in a variety of settings ranging from hospitals and clinics to academic institutions and research centers. They do not typically apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Question 14

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Accepted Answer

The drawback of case studies is that the interviewer's influence on participants may bias their responses, leading to inaccurate or incomplete data. This is a common concern with qualitative research methods like case studies, where the researcher's involvement may affect the outcomes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because case studies are descriptive, do not require interviewers to disclose personal information, and can collect information about small groups.

Question 15

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.

Accepted Answer

The selected group of university students in the age group of 18 to 24 years who have been using the new methods of learning represents a sample of the population being studied. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. A control group is a group used as a standard for comparison, which is not applicable in this scenario. A placebo group is a group given a fake treatment for comparison purposes, which is also not applicable in this scenario.

Question 16

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Brandon's beliefs about the relationship between behavior and mental processes being linked to biology, hormones, and heredity suggest that he adheres to a biological perspective on psychology. The biological perspective emphasizes the role of genetics, neuroscience, and physiology in explaining behavior and mental processes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Biologically oriented psychologists focus on the role of genetics and biological processes in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking. They believe that psychological traits and behaviors are influenced by our biological makeup and study the mechanisms underlying these phenomena.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

Accepted Answer

William James is known for his theory of the stream of consciousness, which holds that conscious experience is a continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 20

_____ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.

Accepted Answer

Experimental psychologists specialize in the study of basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion. They conduct experiments and research to uncover underlying mechanisms and processes involved in these cognitive and biological phenomena. Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles to legal issues, clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental illnesses, and personality psychologists study individual differences in behavior and personality traits.

Quiz 1: What Is Psychology