Question 1

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment.

Accepted Answer

A population is a complete group of interest to researchers. The other options refer to specific methods of sampling from a population.

Question 2

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Forensic psychologists specialize in applying psychological principles within the legal system, such as assessing the mental state of individuals charged with crimes. Health psychologists focus on promoting health and wellness, industrial psychologists study workplace behavior, and environmental psychologists study the relationship between individuals and their physical environment.

Question 3

Social-cognitive theorists:

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists believe in reciprocal determinism, which means that individuals can impact and modify their environment through their behavior and cognitive processes. This is emphasized more than just environmental influences or habitual learning through repetition or reinforcement. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

Question 4

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Erik's belief in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making aligns with the humanistic-existential perspective, which emphasizes personal growth, freedom, and responsibility. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious processes and past experiences, while the biological perspective examines the influence of genetics and brain function on behavior. The sociocultural perspective looks at how cultural and social influences shape behavior.

Question 5

Identify the neoanalyst among the following.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson is known as a neo-Freudian or neoanalyst because he developed a psychosocial theory that was deeply influenced by Freud but extended beyond Freud's ideas, focusing more on social and environmental factors.

Question 6

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may use deception in their experiments:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks...

Question 7

Gestalt psychologists believe that learning:

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychologists believe that learning is not just a response to external stimuli but an active and purposeful process where learners actively organize and structure information to make sense of it. They considered the learner's internal state, background, and experiences, to be essential in the learning process, which goes beyond just overt behavior. The emphasis is on the whole learning experience and not just the parts, making it responsive, rather than reactive or mechanical. Moreover, Gestaltists believed that the process of meaningful learning involves restructuring and reorganization of previously learned material, which cannot be achieved through positive reinforcement alone.

Question 8

Identify a true statement about functionalism.

Accepted Answer

Functionalists focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness. This is because they believe that behavior and mental processes work together to help individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 9

When following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin a study by:

Accepted Answer

Formulating a research question is the first step in the scientific method. Psychologists start by identifying a phenomenon or behavior they want to investigate and develop a specific research question to guide their study.

Question 10

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings.

Accepted Answer

An environmental psychologist is specialized in understanding how human behavior and well-being are affected by their physical environment. In this case, the construction of the factory has altered the environment and negatively impacted the concentration of the students. Therefore, an environmental psychologist would be the best fit to come up with solutions to help the students cope with this problem. Forensic psychologists focus on legal issues, social psychologists study behavior in social situations, and industrial psychologists are concerned with workplace dynamics, none of which is relevant to this situation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders through interviews and psychological tests. They may help clients with issues ranging from mild anxiety to severe depression and other serious psychological disorders. Options A and D are not the primary focus areas of clinical psychologists, and option C is inaccurate as clinical psychologists can work with clients with serious psychological disorders.

Question 12

__________are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

Accepted Answer

Personality psychologists study individual differences in behavior, thoughts, and emotions. They are specifically interested in areas such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles, which are related to personality traits. Human factors psychologists focus on improving the design and usability of products and systems for human use, forensic psychologists work with legal issues, and industrial psychologists study workplace behavior and productivity.

Question 13

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a__________.

Accepted Answer

Erica is studying the relationship between workplace stress and cancer, which is a topic that falls under the domain of health psychology. Additionally, she is advising her subjects on ways to counter stress, which is a common practice among health psychologists. Therefore, Erica is most likely a health psychologist.

Question 14

According to the biological perspective of psychology,__________interact with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes.

Accepted Answer

The biological perspective of psychology views behavior and mental processes as being influenced by the interaction between genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. This includes factors such as physical surroundings, social interactions, and exposure to experiences and events in one's life. Goals, cognitive factors, and dreams may also play a role, but they are not the primary focus of the biological perspective.

Question 15

A person has trouble adjusting with the new students in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. A(n) _____ would most likely be consulted to help the person.

Accepted Answer

A counseling psychologist is best suited to help the person who is having trouble making new friends. Counseling psychologists specialize in providing therapy and guidance to individuals who are facing emotional or psychological difficulties, such as social anxiety or difficulty making friends. They use a variety of techniques and strategies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy to help individuals overcome their difficulties and improve their social skills.

Question 16

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Gestalt psychology, learning and problem solving are primarily accomplished through insight, which is a sudden realization or understanding of a solution to a problem that was previously unclear or ambiguous. Repetition and continuous practice may enhance learning but are not the primary means of problem solving in Gestalt psychology. Mechanical reinforcement is not emphasized in Gestalt psychology as it is in behaviorism.

Question 17

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work,__________study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.

Accepted Answer

Industrial psychologists focus on the behavior of individuals and groups in work settings, while organizational psychologists focus on the larger system and structure of the workplace. Forensic psychologists study how psychological principles can be applied to legal issues, developmental psychologists focus on human development across the lifespan, and personality psychologists study the psychological traits and characteristics that influence behavior. Therefore, the best choice in this case is A) organizational psychologists.

Question 18

One of the advantages of__________is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time.

Accepted Answer

Surveys involve distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, which allows psychologists to study many thousands of people at a time. Case studies and interviews typically involve studying a smaller number of individuals in greater depth, while simulation techniques may involve computer models but do not necessarily involve questionnaires or large sample sizes.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism primarily focused on the idea that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so. This idea is known as operant conditioning, where behaviors that are followed by positive consequences or rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences or punishments are less likely to be repeated. Skinner believed that behavior could be understood and predicted by analyzing the environmental stimuli and consequences that were present during and after behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following is a defining feature of psychoanalysis?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis is defined by its emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. This includes the exploration of the patient's memories, dreams, and free associations to uncover these hidden conflicts and repressed emotions. Freudian psychoanalysis views these childhood experiences as shaping a person's personality and behavior throughout their life.

Quiz 1: What Is Psychology