Question 1

The alternative hypothesis is a statement that some difference or effect is expected.

Accepted Answer

The alternative hypothesis is designed to show that there is a significant difference or effect, so it is a true statement.

Question 2

The tendency of the deviations from the mean to be larger in one direction than in the other is called skewness.

Accepted Answer

Skewness measures the asymmetry of a distribution, specifically whether the data is skewed to the left (negative skewness) or to the right (positive skewness). When there is skewness, the deviations from the mean are larger in the direction of the longer tail of the distribution.

Question 3

If the probability associated with the calculated or observed value of the test statistic (TS _CAL) is greater than the level of significance (a), the null hypothesis is rejected.

Accepted Answer

If the probability (p-value) is greater than the level of significance (α), the null hypothesis is not rejected.

Question 4

In hypothesis testing, the observations are paired so that the two sets of observations relate to the same respondents.

Accepted Answer

In paired hypothesis testing, the observations are paired so that the two sets of observations relate to the same respondents. This is to reduce the effects of individual differences and any other extraneous variables that may impact the results.

Question 5

When the data points are scattered, variance is small.

Accepted Answer

When data points are scattered, variance is large. Variance is a measure of how spread out the data points are from the mean. A small variance means the data points are clustered closely around the mean, while a large variance means the data points are more spread out from the mean.

Question 6

Lambda assumes that the variables are measured on an ordinal scale.

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association used for variables measured on a nominal scale, not an ordinal scale.

Question 7

The mode represents the highest peak of the distribution.

Accepted Answer

Mode represents the most frequently occurring value in a distribution and corresponds to the highest peak in the distribution.

Question 8

If the calculated value of the test statistic is less than the critical value of the test statistic (TS _CR), the null hypothesis is rejected.

Accepted Answer

If the calculated value of the test statistic is less than the critical value of the test statistic, it means that the result is not significant enough to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

Question 9

The Range = X_Largest- X_Smallest.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The range in binary number system is calculated by subtracting the smallest number from the largest number. In this case, the range is equal to XS1U1B1 - XS1U1B0, which gives XS1U1B1Largest - XS1U1B1Smallest.

Question 10

When conducting cross- tabulation analysis in practice, if H₀is rejected, the pattern of the relationship should be interpreted by computing an appropriate statistic (phi coefficient, contingency, Cramer's V, lambda coefficient, or other statistics).

Accepted Answer

The answer of When conducting cross- tabulation analysis in practice,...

Question 11

When calculating the standard deviation, we divide by n- 1 because the sample is drawn from a population, and we are trying to determine how much the responses vary from the mean of the entire population.

Accepted Answer

Dividing by n-1 (where n is the sample size) instead of n corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance and standard deviation from a sample, making it an unbiased estimator. This adjustment is known as Bessel's correction.

Question 12

The sign test is more powerful than the Wilcoxon matched- pairs signed- ranks test.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test is generally more powerful than the sign test, especially when the sample size is large.

Question 13

The null hypothesis, H₀, when using the chi- square statistic, is that there is no association between the variables.

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis when using the chi-square statistic is that there is no association between the variables.

Question 14

The difference between the mean and an observed value is called the deviation from the mean.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The deviation from the mean is calculated by subtracting the mean from the observed value.

Question 15

When using the chi- square statistic in cross- tabulation, the null hypothesis (H₀) will be rejected only when the calculated value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value of the chi- square distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom.

Accepted Answer

This is correct, as the null hypothesis in a chi-square test is rejected when the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value from the chi-square distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom.

Question 16

The two- sample median test is not as powerful as the Mann- Whitney U test.

Accepted Answer

The two-sample median test has less power compared to the Mann-Whitney U test as it only considers the difference in medians and does not take into account the distribution of the data. In contrast, Mann-Whitney U test considers the distribution of the data and is, therefore, more powerful.

Question 17

An asymmetrical lambda value of 1 happens when each independent variable category is associated with a single category of the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

An asymmetrical lambda value of 1 indicates a perfect relationship between the independent and dependent variable categories, where each independent variable category is associated with only one category of the dependent variable. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 18

If a variable is measured on a nominal scale, the median should be used.

Accepted Answer

If a variable is measured on a nominal scale, there is no inherent ordering or numerical value associated with the categories. Therefore, the concept of median, which relies on numerical ordering, is not applicable. Instead, the mode is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for nominal data.

Question 19

The mean is sensitive to extremely small or extremely large values (outliers).

Accepted Answer

The mean is calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of values. Therefore, if there is an extremely small or extremely large value, it will greatly impact the resulting mean. This makes the mean sensitive to outliers.

Question 20

The first step in hypothesis testing is to select an appropriate statistical technique and the corresponding test statistic.

Accepted Answer

The first step in hypothesis testing is to state the null and alternative hypotheses.

Quiz 15: Frequency Distribution, Crosstabulation, and Hypothesis