Question 1

Investigators believe that the number of fat cells we have is determined partly by genetics and partly by our diet during:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the first two years of life are a critical period for the development of fat cells. During this time, the number and size of fat cells can increase dramatically, and it is believed that both genetics and diet play a role in determining this. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 2

A(n) _______ is an external stimulus that can motivate behavior even if no drive is initially present.

Accepted Answer

An incentive is an external stimulus that can motivate behavior even if no drive is initially present. Incentives can be things such as rewards or punishments, and can influence behavior even when biological needs or drives are not present. A homeostatic mechanism refers to physiological processes that help maintain balance within the body, while a motor program refers to a pre-programmed sequence of movements. Arousal mechanism refers to the level of physiological and psychological alertness or activation.

Question 3

Clark Hull's drive-reduction perspective was based on which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Clark Hull's drive-reduction perspective was based on the principle of homeostasis, which is the body's tendency to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment. According to this perspective, organisms are motivated to reduce physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst, in order to maintain homeostasis.

Question 4

According to set-point theory, the size of fat cells is determined by:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to set-point theory, the size of...

Question 5

The basis of drive theory is the principle of ________.

Accepted Answer

Drive theory is based on the principle of homeostasis, which refers to the body's natural tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. According to this theory, drives arise when there is a deviation from this stable state, and the body works to restore balance by creating a state of tension that motivates the individual to take action to satisfy their needs.

Question 6

The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the _______ theory of motivation.

Accepted Answer

The drive-reduction theory of motivation suggests that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal states such as hunger or thirst. This theory cannot fully explain why people seek out activities that do not directly reduce these internal states, suggesting that the correct answer is B. Incentive theory, on the other hand, suggests that motivation arises from external rewards or stimuli that we are attracted to, which is more consistent with the observation that people seek stimulation. The Gestalt theory emphasizes how people are motivated by the desire to achieve wholes or meaningful patterns. Finally, cognitive theories suggest that motivation arises from the way we think and interpret our experiences.

Question 7

The concept of _______ replaced the concept of instinct in motivation theory.

Accepted Answer

The concept of drive reduction replaced the concept of instinct in motivation theory, as it provided a more systematic and testable framework for understanding motivation. Drive reduction theory suggests that humans are motivated to reduce internal tensions caused by unmet needs.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true about hunger?

Accepted Answer

While hunger can be influenced by social factors such as cultural norms and availability of food, it is primarily a physiological drive-reduction motive to maintain homeostasis in the body.

Question 9

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's belief that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs aligns with drive reduction theory. This theory suggests that our bodies have physiological needs that create a state of tension or arousal, which motivates us to engage in behaviors that will reduce these needs and bring us back to a state of homeostasis.

Question 10

Dorothy is both hungry and thirsty. Which of the following is involved in both of these drives?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is involved in both hunger and thirst drives, as it regulates homeostatic mechanisms related to food and water intake. The hippocampus is involved in memory processing, the amygdala is involved in emotional processing, and spinal reflexes are not directly related to hunger or thirst drives.

Question 11

Considering external cues in obesity, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that obese individuals tend to eat more than thin subjects when presented with attractive or palatable foods, indicating a heightened responsiveness to external food cues such as taste and aroma. However, this is not the case for thin individuals who do not necessarily increase their food intake in response to external cues. Therefore, option A is the correct statement. Options B, C, and D are all incorrect as they do not reflect the currently available evidence on the impact of external food cues on food intake in thin and obese individuals.

Question 12

Homeostasis refers to:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a balanced state in the body's internal environment, including temperature, fluid balance, and other physiological factors. It is a key concept in biology and physiology, and is essential for the survival of organisms in changing environmental conditions.

Question 13

Which motivational theorist is associated with the following assumption? "Before higher level needs can be addressed or acted on, one's lower level needs must be met."

Accepted Answer

This assumption is a central idea of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which posits that individuals must first satisfy their physiological and safety needs before moving on to fulfilling higher level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 14

Bulimia is most common among which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bulimia is most commonly seen in females in their late teens and early 20's. While it can occur in males and females of any age, this demographic group has the highest reported rates.

Question 15

According to __________ theory, the number of fat cells in the body is established during early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Set-point theory proposes that the body has a predetermined weight range that it strives to maintain through various mechanisms, including adjusting metabolism and hunger levels. This theory also suggests that the number of fat cells in the body is established during early childhood and remains relatively constant throughout adulthood. Therefore, it is not affected by factors such as diet or exercise.

Question 16

What is the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

The physiological need is the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy. It includes basic needs for survival and comfort, such as food, water, and shelter. Without fulfilling these needs, a person cannot move on to fulfilling higher needs in the hierarchy.

Question 17

Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of _______ drives.

Accepted Answer

Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of primary drives, which are innate and biologically based motivations that are essential for survival. Secondary drives, on the other hand, are learned or acquired behaviors that satisfy our basic needs or desires, such as wealth, power, or achievement. Internalized and externalized drives are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 18

The process by which the body maintains a balance or equilibrium in its internal environment is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a balance or equilibrium in its internal environment. Neoteny refers to the retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood. Autoregulation refers to the ability of tissues and organs to regulate their own blood flow. The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that plays a key role in regulating homeostasis.

Question 19

Maslow is associated with which of the following notions?

Accepted Answer

Maslow is most commonly associated with the idea that our motives are organized into a hierarchy, with basic physiological needs like hunger and thirst at the base and higher level needs like self-actualization at the top.

Question 20

Sweet taste seems to play a role in ___________.

Accepted Answer

Sweet taste has been shown to stimulate eating through the release of dopamine in the brain, which triggers the reward and pleasure centers. This can lead to overeating and ultimately weight gain. However, cutting calories is not directly related to sweet taste. Stomach contractions are controlled by the digestive system and not affected by taste.

Quiz 9: Motivation, Stress, and Emotion