Question 1

Which of the following sentences would be most difficult for a 2-year-old to understand?

Accepted Answer

Sentence B uses passive voice ("The food is eaten by the dog."), which is more complex and harder for young children to understand compared to the active voice used in the other options. Young children typically find it easier to understand sentences where the subject performs the action (active voice) rather than sentences where the action is performed on the subject (passive voice).

Question 2

Repetition is the same as

Accepted Answer

Repetition is a technique used to enhance memory, often through rehearsal, where information is reviewed or practiced repeatedly to aid in memorization.

Question 3

Showing turn-taking skills in language is an example of

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics involves the rules for appropriate and effective communication, including turn-taking in conversations, which is a key aspect of how we interact socially through language.

Question 4

With cognitive scaffolding,

Accepted Answer

Cognitive scaffolding involves providing support to a learner, which is gradually removed as the learner becomes more competent and independent in the task.

Question 5

In a study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit that indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?

Accepted Answer

Children pointed or looked at the hiding place, indicating they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden.

Question 6

Overregularization is caused by

Accepted Answer

Overregularization occurs when children apply learned grammatical rules too broadly, indicating their understanding of syntax but sometimes leading to errors, such as "goed" instead of "went."

Question 7

According to Vygotsky, what is "private speech?"

Accepted Answer

Private speech is Vygotsky's concept where children talk to themselves to guide their actions and thoughts, illustrating the integration of language and thought.

Question 8

Lydia is told to look at two objects, one is her pet dog and the other is an object unknown to her. When her father says, "Look at the turtle!" Lydia, according to the contrast assumption, would assume that

Accepted Answer

The contrast assumption in language acquisition suggests that children assume words refer to distinct objects. Therefore, if Lydia knows the word for her dog, she would assume "turtle" refers to the unfamiliar object, not her dog or a part of it.

Question 9

One way to enhance memory is to

Accepted Answer

Repeating material is a proven method to enhance memory, as it reinforces the neural pathways associated with the information, making it easier to recall.

Question 10

You show a picture of an unfamiliar object to a child and tell her it is a "gop." Now you show her a picture of two of the objects and ask, "What are these?" and the child says, "gops." This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

The child's response demonstrates an understanding of grammar, specifically the concept of pluralization, by correctly applying the rule to a novel word.

Question 11

Match the following:
-Respiratory distress syndrome

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the following:
-Respiratory distress syndrome
...

Question 12

Five-year-old Karl chooses more formal words when talking to his teachers, but uses infant-directed speech when speaking to his baby brother, Nelson. This changing of speech to fit the social situation is called

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the aspect of language that involves using language appropriately in different social contexts, including adjusting speech to fit the audience or situation. Karl's ability to modify his speech based on whom he is talking to (his teachers vs. his baby brother) demonstrates his understanding of pragmatics.

Question 13

Which of the following represents a contrast assumption?

Accepted Answer

A contrast assumption in language learning involves the expectation that new words will refer to previously unknown entities or concepts, rather than to things already known. This helps learners distinguish between new and familiar concepts.

Question 14

Young children do not spontaneously engage in rehearsal until approximately age

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal, which is the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be remembered, typically begins to emerge around age 5. Before this age, children's memory strategies are less sophisticated, and they are less likely to engage in deliberate efforts to remember information.

Question 15

Which of the following words is a child likely to understand first?

Accepted Answer

Children typically understand "who" first because it relates to identifying people, which is a concept they grasp early on through social interactions.

Question 16

In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping?

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping is the process by which children quickly attach a new word to its appropriate content after only a brief encounter.

Question 17

Young children

Accepted Answer

Young children can indeed be assisted to remember better with labeling strategies. This approach helps them organize and recall information more effectively by associating it with labels or categories.

Question 18

Piaget believed that develops before .

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that cognitive development precedes language development, meaning that children's thinking processes develop before their language skills.

Question 19

Which of the following represents overregularization?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization occurs when children apply general grammatical rules to words that are exceptions. "Daddy goed" is an example where a child applies the regular past tense ending "-ed" to an irregular verb ("go"), indicating overregularization.

Question 20

Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the

Accepted Answer

The whole-object assumption is a language acquisition principle suggesting that children assume a new word refers to the entire object rather than its parts, attributes, or other properties. Therefore, when hearing "train," a child would assume it refers to the entire train.

Quiz 9: Early-Childhood-Cognitive-Development