Question 1

Acceptance and commitment therapy includes the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change.

Accepted Answer

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) emphasizes on the importance of mindfulness, which involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment without judgment. The process of mindfulness is seen as a key component of ACT, helping individuals to develop mindfulness skills such as being present, observing thoughts and emotions, and accepting them non-judgmentally. Through mindfulness, individuals are encouraged to develop greater psychological flexibility and learn to connect with their values and goals, leading to positive behavioral change.

Question 2

The cognitive therapy approach of Aaron Beck is currently considered to be the non-pharmacological treatment of choice for depression.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive therapy approach developed by Aaron Beck is a recognized and effective non-pharmacological treatment for depression.

Question 3

When a therapy client responds to a therapist as if she was a significant person from the client's past, psychoanalytic theorists technically refer to this as resistance.

Accepted Answer

This statement is incorrect. When a therapy client responds to a therapist as if she was a significant person from the client's past, psychoanalytic theorists refer to this as "transference," not resistance. Resistance refers to the client's reluctance or opposition to engage in certain topics or behaviors in therapy.

Question 4

In brief psychodynamic therapies, the therapist is typically more focused and active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

In brief psychodynamic therapies, the therapist is more focused and active in helping the patient gain insight into their unconscious thoughts and emotions. This is different from traditional psychoanalysis, where the therapist takes a more passive role and allows the patient to lead the conversation.

Question 5

With a few small exceptions, meta-analysis conducted on the efficacy of various psychological treatments have revealed that most therapies are equally effective.

Accepted Answer

Meta-analyses on psychological treatments have generally found that most therapies are equally effective with minor variations.

Question 6

One of the primary functions of free association in psychoanalysis is to gain access to unconscious material.

Accepted Answer

Free association involves the patient freely sharing their thoughts and feelings without censoring themselves. This allows the therapist to access unconscious material, which can provide insights into underlying conflicts and issues.

Question 7

Hans Eysenck analyzed data collected from health insurance companies and concluded that it provided clear empirical support for the validity of psychotherapy.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck actually argued that the data showed psychotherapy to be no more effective than no treatment at all.

Question 8

In Albert Ellis's "ABCD" model, the "B" stands for the client's maladaptive behaviours.

Accepted Answer

In Albert Ellis's "ABCD" model, the "B" stands for the client's irrational beliefs. Maladaptive behaviors are addressed in the "D" portion of the model, which stands for disputing and replacing irrational beliefs with rational ones.

Question 9

Faith in the therapist and the opportunity to practise new behaviours are both thought to be important client factors that are associated with psychotherapy outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Faith in the therapist and the opportunity...

Question 10

Exposure therapy is based almost entirely on the principles of operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapy is actually based on the principles of classical conditioning. It involves gradually exposing someone to a feared object or situation in a safe and controlled way, so that they can learn to respond differently to it and overcome their fear or anxiety. Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (such as the feared object or situation) becomes associated with an unconditioned response (such as fear), and then begins to elicit a conditioned response (such as anxiety). By exposing the person to the feared stimulus repeatedly without any negative consequences, they can gradually learn to associate it with safety instead of danger.

Question 11

Carl Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard specifically refers to the ability of the therapist to be able to view the world through the client's eyes.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard refers to the therapist's acceptance and support of a client regardless of what the client says or does, not specifically to viewing the world through the client's eyes, which is more closely related to empathy.

Question 12

Although more expensive and time-consuming, long-term classical psychoanalysis still tends to produce better therapeutic outcomes than briefer psychodynamic therapies do.

Accepted Answer

Research has not consistently shown that long-term classical psychoanalysis produces better therapeutic outcomes than briefer psychodynamic therapies. Many studies suggest that shorter, more focused forms of therapy can be equally effective for a wide range of psychological issues.

Question 13

Systematic desensitization attempts to treat anxiety disorders by teaching clients a response that is considered to be incompatible with anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy that aims to reduce anxiety responses by gradually exposing clients to feared stimuli while they engage in relaxation exercises. This way, the response of relaxation becomes associated with the feared stimulus, replacing the anxiety response. Therefore, the response taught is considered to be incompatible with anxiety.

Question 14

Being knowledgeable about a client's culture and/or ethnicity while at the same time not inappropriately stereotyping a client are both important aspects of being a culturally
competent therapist.

Accepted Answer

It is important for therapists to have knowledge and understanding of a client's culture and/or ethnicity in order to provide effective and appropriate treatment, but they must also avoid making assumptions or stereotypes based on those factors. Striving for cultural competence involves balancing these two aspects.

Question 15

One of the key assumptions of social skills training is that the skills deficits of a
particular individual may be reflective of disordered relationships in the family system.

Accepted Answer

Social skills training is based on the assumption that social skills deficits are due to the individual's lack of knowledge, practice, or feedback on appropriate social behaviors, rather than primarily reflecting disordered relationships in the family system.

Question 16

Most anti-anxiety drugs achieve their effects by slowing the synaptic activity in the nervous system. One way of doing this is by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Many anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines, increase GABA activity, which can lead to a calming effect by inhibiting certain brain functions.

Question 17

Systematic desensitization differs from exposure therapy in that systematic
desensitization is based on the principle of extinction while exposure therapy is based on the principle of counterconditioning.

Accepted Answer

Both systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are based on the principle of extinction. Systematic desensitization involves the use of relaxation techniques along with exposure to the feared object or situation, often in a hierarchical manner, to gradually reduce fear. Exposure therapy involves direct exposure to the feared object or situation without the use of relaxation techniques, aiming to extinguish the fear response over time. Counterconditioning is a component of systematic desensitization, where a new response (relaxation) is conditioned to occur in the presence of the feared stimulus.

Question 18

Punishment is never used as a therapeutic technique.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is sometimes used as a technique in certain therapeutic approaches, such as behavior modification. However, it should be noted that punishment is typically not the first choice of therapy, and is often reserved for more extreme cases or as a last resort after other techniques have been attempted. Additionally, punishment should always be used within ethical and humane guidelines, and should not be used to inflict harm or shame on the individual.

Question 19

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in that both are considered to be humanistic theorists who believed that people have an inherent tendency towards self-healing.

Accepted Answer

Both Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls are humanistic theorists who believed in the concept of self-actualization, which means people have an inherent tendency to grow and reach their full potential. They both emphasized the importance of individual experience and personal growth in therapy, and believed that people have the ability to heal themselves with the right conditions and support.

Question 20

When considering the use of token economies, therapists almost always ask whether other, less painful approaches are available and whether the negative behaviour involved poses a serious risk to either the individual or society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the use of token economies,...

Quiz 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders