Question 1

Russell is an alcoholic who wants to quit drinking. When he seeks help from a therapist, he is given a drug that will cause nausea if he drinks alcohol. Russell's therapist is using a type of therapy called:

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy involves pairing an unwanted behavior (like drinking alcohol) with an unpleasant stimulus (such as nausea) to discourage the behavior.

Question 2

In this therapy, a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS. This is:

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy involves pairing a previously positive conditioned stimulus with a noxious unconditioned stimulus to reduce or eliminate the undesirable behavior associated with the CS.

Question 3

Lennon was diagnosed with depression. Following an fMRI, the doctor suggested that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) would not likely be the best treatment option. It is likely that when Lennon rated words with negative emotional meaning he showed low levels of activity in his:

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, and low activity in this region is associated with depression.

Question 4

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for recovering addicts. Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house, helps a roommate, or does any other appropriate behaviour, he receives a token. These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre. This system is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This system is an example of behaviour modification, specifically a token economy, where tokens are used as a form of positive reinforcement to encourage desirable behaviours.

Question 5

Because its effects often do not generalize well from the treatment setting to the real world, many researchers believe that __ would be more effective if it were used
In concert with learning specific coping skills programs that focus on avoiding relapse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because its effects often do not generalize...

Question 6

The results from a neuroimaging study suggest that the correlation between serotonin levels and dysfunctional beliefs is a correlation.

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation indicates that as serotonin levels increase, dysfunctional beliefs decrease, or vice versa.

Question 7

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) appears to help individuals who are depressed become:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) appears to help...

Question 8

Token economies are based on the systematic application of:

Accepted Answer

Token economies are based on the systematic application of positive reinforcement, where tokens are given as rewards for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for other reinforcers.

Question 9

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to which of the following therapeutic interventions?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization involves counterconditioning and the use of stimulus hierarchies to gradually reduce anxiety responses.

Question 10

Which of the following therapies represent the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is based on operant conditioning principles, using reinforcement and punishment to change behavior.

Question 11

Treating anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights) and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus is typical of ________ therapies.

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapies involve presenting the feared stimulus to the person and preventing avoidance, helping them to confront and reduce their anxiety.

Question 12

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for juvenile substance abusers. Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house, helps a roommate, or does any other appropriate behaviour, he receives a token. These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre. The goal of this system is to eventually have these positive behaviours:

Accepted Answer

The token system is designed to encourage positive behaviors to become self-reinforcing and socially reinforced, rather than relying solely on external rewards.

Question 13

Systematic desensitization focuses on the process of learning a response that is incompatible with anxiety. This is based on the concept of _.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is based on the concept of counterconditioning, where a new response (relaxation) is conditioned to replace the anxiety response to a feared stimulus.

Question 14

According to the two-factor learning theory, the most direct way to reduce a phobia is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) while keeping the operant avoidance response from
Occurring by using _ .

Accepted Answer

Response prevention involves preventing the individual from engaging in the avoidance behavior, allowing them to experience the feared stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, which can help reduce the phobia.

Question 15

Bartock was treated for depression with medication and Shula took Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). A PET showed changes in their:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bartock was treated for depression with medication...

Question 16

Eugene has a terrible fear of being in a boat. Eugene works for the Coast Guard doing an administrative job, but he knows he will have to get over this fear in order to receive a promotion. His boss offered to pay for a behavioural therapy. Eugene, who was extremely anxious, wanted the least anxiety provoking behavioural therapy, chose:

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a gradual process that helps individuals overcome fears by slowly exposing them to the fear-inducing stimulus in a controlled manner, making it the least anxiety-provoking option.

Question 17

Beatrice would like to stop her habit of biting her fingernails. In order to do this, she covers the ends of her fingertips, including her nails, with a bitter tasting antibacterial spray. When Beatrice puts her fingernail in her mouth she is met with a noxious taste and removes her nail immediately from her mouth. In this case, the bitter taste might be
Considered the:

Accepted Answer

The bitter taste is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally and automatically triggers a response (removal of the nail from the mouth) without prior conditioning.

Question 18

Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help. The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique. After she has learned this, they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs.
Starting with the least feared situation, the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises. This therapist is using the
General technique called systematic desensitization, and the list that they have created is an example of _.

Accepted Answer

The list of increasingly fearful situations is an example of a stimulus hierarchy, which is used in systematic desensitization to gradually expose the person to the feared object or situation.

Question 19

As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in:

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy is a behavioral technique that involves pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior, such as inducing nausea to discourage smoking.

Question 20

Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapies work by having individuals confront their fears directly, which helps reduce the anxiety associated with those situations over time.

Quiz 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders